taura muka Ko te tikanga, e 30-36 inihi te hohonu o te whenua e tanumia ana, engari e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā ture ā-rohe me te momo whenua. Ko te nuinga o ngā tāone nui e hiahia ana kia tanumia ngā taura ki raro i ngā rori pukumahi, i ngā wāhi rānei e nui ake ana te keri. Ka whakamahia e ngā kaimahi ngā mīhini keri awaawa hei keri i ngā awaawa ma, kia noho haumaru ai ngā taura mai i te huarere, i ngā kararehe, me te tangata. I ngā wāhi tuawhenua, tera pea he iti ake, engari ko te whāinga he tiaki i te taura me te pupuri i te ratonga pai. Ka kōrero ngā kaihanga whatunga ki ngā hapori o te rohe kia mau tonu ai te hohonu e tika ana mō ia wāhi. Mā te mōhio ki ēnei ture ka roa ake te ora o ngā taura, ā, ka pai ake te mahi. Ko te nuinga o tēnei pou e whakamārama ana he aha i noho ai ēnei hohonutanga me ngā mea ka taea te whakarerekē i a rātou.

He aha te hohonutanga o te tanumanga paerewa?

Ngā taura muka whatu me tika te hōhonutanga o te tanumanga kia noho haumaru ai i ngā kino, i te huarere kino, me ngā awe a ētahi atu. Ka rerekē ngā ture hōhonutanga i runga i tō wāhi noho, te momo oneone, me te kaupapa o te taura. Mā te whai whakaaro ki ēnei mea ka āwhina i te pupuri i ngā whatunga muka kia kaha te mahi me te iti ake o te wā whakatā. Ngā Hōhonutanga Tanu Taura Muka Whatu.

| Tāutanga o te Paipa Wai | 0.5–0.9 | Paipa roa, he urunga watea mō ngā whakapainga a meake nei |

| I raro i ngā rori | 1.0–1.5+ | Parenga pakari, whakaaetanga motuhake, whakamahinga o ngā tohu |

| Whenua Tūmataiti | 0.9–1.2 | Ngā ture ā-rohe, te whakaaetanga a te kaipupuri whenua, te taunga o ngā ratonga |

| Whenua ahuwhenua | 1.2–1.5 | Te whakatakotoranga hōhonu, te taura ārai, te haumaru taputapu pāmu

| Ngā Whakawhiti i raro i te Wai | 1.0–3.0 | Te Punga, te Tāpui Tāpiri, te taura Mahi Taumaha |

1. Tanu Tika

Ko te tikanga o te tanu tika ko ngā taura muka whatu ka uru tika ki roto i te whenua, ka karo i te paipa tiaki. He pai ake pea tēnei tikanga mō ngā wāhi tuwhera, tuawhenua, engari he ngāwari te taura ki te pakaru i te keri, i ngā pakiaka me ngā kararehe mohoao. He mea nui kia tanumia kia hohonu, kia 0.9 ki te 1.5 mita te iti rawa. Mā tēnei ka tiakina te taura mai i ngā mea pēnei i te mahi i te māra, i ngā taputapu māra, i ngā taputapu pāmu rānei.

I te nuinga o te wā ka tāutahia e ngā kaiwhakauru ētahi paparanga ārai, he rīpene whakatūpato rānei i runga ake i te taura. Ka āwhina ēnei hikoinga iti ki te whakatūpato i ngā kaikerēke o muri mai. He mea whakaaro nui te tirotiro auau. Ahakoa ngā whakaurunga pai rawa atu, ka raru pea rātou i te nekenga o te paru, i ngā pakiaka tipu hou rānei.

2. Tāutanga o te Paipa Wai

Mō te tāutanga o te paipa hiko, ka haere te taura i roto i tētahi ngongo mārō i raro i te whenua. He tikanga rongonui tēnei i ngā tāone nui, i ngā wāhi rānei e nui ana te mahi tiriti. Mā tēnei ka taea te whakatika, te whakakapi rānei i ngā taura me te kore e keri i te rohe katoa.

Me tata ki te 0.5 ki te 0.9 mita te hohonu o ngā paipa. Me pakari hoki ngā paipa kia tu atu i ngā pānga, i te pēhanga rānei mai i ngā waka e haere ana, i ngā hanganga rānei i runga ake i te whare. Ko te mea pai mō tēnā, ki te hiahia koe ki te whakahou i te muka, mā te whakamahi i te paipa pai ka iti ake te mamae o te ngākau.

3. I raro i ngā Huarahi

Me ruku hohonu ake ngā taura muka i raro i ngā rori, 1.0 mita te iti rawa, i ētahi wā he nui ake. Mā tēnei ka ārai i te urunga atu o ngā taraka taumaha, ngā kai keri, ngā mahi rori rānei ā muri ake nei. E whakatau ana ngā ture ā-rohe i ngā hōhonutanga o te tanumanga, ā, me whai whakaaetanga pea i mua i te tīmatanga.

Me whakamahere te whakatakoto taura i raro i ngā rori pukumahi. Mā ngā taputapu motuhake pēnei i ngā wiri whakapae ka āwhina i te karo i te katinga o ngā waka. Ki te heke te waka ki konei, ka nui pea ngā raruraru kei te heke mai.

4. Whenua Tūmataiti

Mō ngā whenua tūmataiti, ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā ture o tō tāone, i waenganui i te 0.9 me te 1.2 mita te roa. Me pātai atu ki te kaipupuri whenua i mua i te keri me te whakamātautau mō ngā raina hiko tawhito, ngā paipa wai rānei.

Waihoki te momo oneone. Tērā pea me keri hohonu ake te whenua toka, tae atu ki te 1.5 mita te hohonu, hei tiaki i ngā taura mai i ngā kapiti, i ngā kōhatu nekeneke rānei.

5. Whenua Ahuwhenua

Me hohonu te tanu i ngā mara pāmu. He mea whakaaro nui kia kaua e whakamahia ngā tarakihana me ngā parau i te hohonutanga o te 1.2 ki te 1.5 mita. Ka taea e ngā taputapu pāmu taumaha te uru ki te hohonutanga, nō reira ka nui ake te marino o te hinengaro mā te taura ārai.

He rerekē te oneone i ia mara, i ia mara. Ka taea e ngā hua hohonu te pakiaka, e ngā oneone taumaha, mākū rānei te neke i ngā taura, te whakararuraru rānei. Mā te mahi tahi me ngā kaiahuwhenua me te whakarite i ngā wā whakato ka whakaiti i te mamae o te upoko, ā, ka menemene tonu te katoa.

Ngā Take Matua e Pā Ana ki te Hōhonutanga

Ko te hohonutanga o te tanumanga o te muka ka whakamōhiotia e te huinga o ngā whakaaro mahi, taiao, me te ture. Ka whai wāhi ia ki te hohonutanga o te toronga o ēnei taura ki raro i te whenua, ka pā ki tōna pakari me tōna pono.

1. Ko ngā āhuatanga o te oneone te take o te tanumanga. He maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana te hohonutanga o ngā oneone toka i waenganui i te 1.2 ki te 1.5 mita, hei tiaki i ngā taura mai i ngā kōhatu koi me te nekehanga o te whenua. Mā ngā oneone onepu ka taea e ngā kaiwhakauru te haere pāpaku, tata ki te 0.6 ki te 0.9 mita, nā te mea he iti ake te tūponotanga o te kino. Ko ngā mea matua e pā ana ki te hohonutanga ko ngā rangahau oneone e āwhina ana ki te tautuhi i ngā tūponotanga kāore e kitea, pērā i te nekehanga o ngā wāhi ngohengohe. I roto i ngā oneone ngohengohe, ka taea e te tanumanga hohonu ake te ārai i te nekenekehanga o te taura, te kitea rānei. Mā te whakamahi i te whakamarumaru, pērā i te papa onepu, i ngā paipa rānei, ka taea te tiaki i ngā kino i ngā wāhi kāore i te tino haumaru te oneone.

Ngā Āhuatanga o te Oneone

Ka pāngia ngā onepū, ngā onepū toka, ngā onepū uku rānei e te hohonutanga o te taura e hiahiatia ana. Ka āwhina a Virgel ki te whakatau i tēnei hohonutanga nā te mea ka taea e te whenua toka te pakaru i ngā taura kāore i te hohonu te tanumia, nō reira ka taea e ngā kaimahi te keri tae atu ki te 1.5 mita te hohonu. Ka iti ake te nekenekehanga o ngā onepū, ā, ka pai te mimiti, nō reira he nui te 0.6 ki te 0.9 mita te nuinga o te wā. Ka āwhina ngā rangahau oneone ki te tautuhi i te hohonutanga pai rawa atu me te kimi i ngā wāhi raruraru, pērā i te whenua horo, i ngā wāhi e ngawari ana te horo.

Me aro nui atu ki ngā oneone ngohengohe. Mēnā he makuku, he koretake rānei te oneone, ka taea e ngā taura te neke haere, nō reira, ki te hohonu ake, ka noho tonu ki te wāhi e whakatakotoria ana, ā, ka haumaru hoki. He mea nui te whakamarumaru, pērā i te paipa hiko, i ngā moenga tāpiri rānei, ki ēnei wāhi, ā, he paparanga tiaki anō hoki.

Pānga ki te Āhuarangi

Ka huri te āhua o te whenua i ngā āhuarangi makariri, mākū rānei. Ka taea e te hukapapa te pana i ngā taura ki runga, nō reira i ēnei rohe, ka hohonu ake te tanumanga, 1.0 mita neke atu rānei te nuinga, hei ārai i ngā kino e pā ana ki te hukapapa. He aratohu anō ā ngā rohe waipuke, me te tanumanga hohonu ake, tata ki te 1.0 ki te 1.5 mita, hei tiaki i ngā taura mai i te wai me te neke haere o ngā kaha o te whenua.

He mea nui te āhuarangi mō te wā roa. Hei tauira, ki te pāngia tētahi rohe e te hotoke kino, e te waipuke rānei, ka whiriwhiria e ngā kaiwhakamahere ngā momo taura e ātete ana ki te makuku me te hukapapa. Mā te rauemi pakari, ātete ki te huarere, ko te tikanga ka tu tonu ngā taura i roto i te whakamātautau o te wā, ahakoa i ngā wāhi taratara.

Ngā Mahi o te Mata

He rerekētanga te hanganga, te nui o ngā waka me te whakapaipai whenua. I ngā wāhi e nui ana te waka, pērā i ngā rori, ka tanumia ngā taura ki te hohonu ake, tata ki te 90 ki te 120 henimita, hei tiaki i a rātou mai i ngā waka hanga, i ngā kai keri rānei. Mā te tohu i ngā ara taura ka ārai i ngā kaimahi kei werohia rātou i muri mai.

Ka tere te whakararuraru o ngā kaupapa mata whenua i ngā mahere. Mā ngā whakahoutanga auau a ngā āpiha ā-rohe ka noho mataara ngā kaimahi ki ngā whanaketanga hou, ki ngā huringa whakamahinga whenua rānei.

Ngā Ture ā-Rohe

| Ūropi | 0.6–1.0 m | He rerekē mō ia whenua me te momo oneone |

| Āhia-Moana-nui-a-Kiwa | 0.6–1.5 m | He pakari ake i ngā rohe waipuke me te rū whenua |

He rerekē ngā ture i ia tāone, i ia whenua. Ko ētahi wāhi e hiahia ana kia hohonu ake ēnei taura mēnā kei tata ki ngā rori, ki ngā ratonga rānei, ko ētahi kua whakatūria he hohonu iti rawa mō ngā whakaurunga hou katoa. Ko te mōhio ki ngā ture ā-rohe, te tiki whakaaetanga, me te mahi tahi me ngā mana whakahaere te mahi mohio tonu.

He aha i rerekē ai te hohonutanga puta noa i te ao

Kāore te hohonutanga o te tanumanga taura muka i te rite i ngā wāhi katoa. He rerekē i runga i ngā ture, i te rauropi, i te ahurea ā-rohe, tae atu ki te ngāwari o te aro o te tangata ki te hangarau. He rerekē ngā paerewa o ia whenua, o ia tāone. He nui te pānga o te oneone, te āhuarangi, me te whenua.

Ngā Anga Whakahaere

He aha te rerekētanga o te hohonu puta noa i te ao. I te nuinga o ngā wāhi, ka whakahaua e ēnei ture te tanu taura i ngā hohonutanga mai i te 45 ki te 90 henimita. I ētahi rohe, inā koa he āwangawanga mō te pokanoa, te keri kore rānei, ka hiahiatia pea he rua hohonu ake i roto i ngā ture. Kei reira ngā whakahaere o te ao, pērā i te International Telecommunication Union, ā, e arahina ana ngā whenua e ēnei ture, engari ko ngā ture ā-rohe te nuinga o te wā. Me whai ngā kaiwhakauru i ngā ture e rua, nō reira me tirotiro e rātou ngā ture ā-motu me ngā whakaritenga a te tāone i mua i te tīmatanga. Ki te kore e mau i tētahi taumata iti i roto i ēnei ture, ka hua ake he hapa utu nui, me mahi anō rānei i te mahi. He rerekē ngā ture, nō reira me noho tonu ngā tīma ki te hou, me utu rānei i ngā whiu taumaha.

Ngā Tikanga Taiao

Mā ngā ture taiao e whakatau te āhua me te wāhi e tanumia ai ngā taura muka. I roto i ngā oneone onepu, ka taea te tinihanga me te 0.6 ki te 0.9 mita. Tērā pea me 1.2 ki te 1.5 mita te hohonu o ngā taura i te whenua toka hei ārai i te pakaru. Mā te hukapapa i ngā wāhi pērā i te raki rawa ka puta ake ngā taura mena kāore i te tino hohonu. Ka whakaitihia te tohu, tae atu ki te 0.1 dB. Ka memeha ngā takutai moana, ā, ki te kore e tino hohonu te tanumanga o ngā taura, ka kitea pea. Kei te akiakihia ngā kaiwhakauru ki te whakamahi i ngā rauemi me ngā tikanga e pai ana ki te taiao. Kei te piki haere te pēhanga ki te whakaora i ngā rauropi me te whakaiti i te tapuwae keri. Ko te tikanga o tēnei he whakamahere ātaahua ake, i ētahi wā ka whakamahia he mīhini motuhake hei whakatakoto taura me te iti ake o te kino ki te whenua.

Ngā Ara Whaipainga

Ko ngā ara ratonga he wāhi hono i raro i te whenua, kei reira ngā taura wai, hiko, hau me te muka e takoto tahi ana. Ka herea e ēnei ara te hohonutanga o ia ratonga. Mena kei te 0.9 mita te roa o ngā raina hiko, me heke pea te muka ki te 1.2 mita hei karo i ngā pakanga. Koia te mea nui kia tirohia ngā mapi me te kōrero ki ētahi atu ratonga i mua i te keri. Ka taea e taua hohonutanga te whakaroa i tō kaupapa mō ngā wiki mena ka pā kino koe ki tētahi paipa, ki tētahi taura rānei. Tata ki ngā tīma katoa e mahi ana i ngā rangahau taipitopito o te papaanga, ā, ka kitea he ara hei karo i ngā raruraru, inā koa i roto i ngā tāone kikī e tūtaki ana ngā raina tawhito i ia kokonga. Nā te mea ka puta ngā āwangawanga, ahakoa te whakamahere pai rawa atu, tata ki te 10–20% o ngā rua e kotiti ke ana i te 0.2 mita mai i te mahere, ka whakararu i te haumaru o ngā taura me ngā whakatikatika a meake nei.

Ngā Tikanga Tāutanga me te Hōhonutanga

Ko te hohonu o te tanu i te taura muka whatu ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā tikanga tāutanga me ngā whakaritenga ā-rohe. I te whiriwhiri i te tikanga tika, me whakataurite koe i te tiakitanga, te utu, me te āheinga whakatikatika ā muri ake nei. He painga anō ō ngā tikanga tāutanga rongonui pēnei i te keri rua, te keri taha, me te keri rua iti, me ō rātou ake herenga hohonu me te whakararuraru.

Te keri i te awaawa

Ko te keri i te awaawa te tikanga kua whakamatauria, kua tino pono hoki mō te tāuta muka. Ka keria e ngā kaimahi he awaawa tika, ka whakatakotoria te taura, ka tanumia. Mō te nuinga o ngā mahi muka, inā koa i te whenua tuwhera, e 3 ki te 4 putu te hohonu o te awaawa. Mā tēnā ka tiakina te taura mai i te hukapapa me ngā taputapu ahuwhenua. I ngā tāone nui, ko te nuinga he 0.6 ki te 0.9 mita te hohonu, he nui noa iho hei karo i ngā raina raima me ngā raina ratonga.

Kāore te keri i ngā awaawa hou e mahia ā-ringa ana i ngā wā katoa. Ka taea e ngā mīhini keri awaawa karetao te keri tae atu ki te 50 mita ia hāora, ka pupuri i te hohonutanga ki roto i te 0.05 mita. Ka taea e tēnei te whakaiti i ngā utu mahi mā te 30% ahakoa mō ngā awaawa tae atu ki te 1.5 mita te hohonu, e hiahiatia ana i ētahi wā i raro i ngā rori pukumahi, i ngā rēriwe rānei. Mō ngā haerenga poto i runga i te whenua tūmataiti—pērā i te puni kura, i roto rānei i ngā papa pakihi—ka taea e ngā kaiwhakauru te keri noa i te 0.15 ki te 0.3 mita te hohonu mena he iti te mōrearea o te kino.

Ehara i te keri noa iho te keri pai. Me ārai ngā kaimahi i ngā pakitara kei hinga, me karo i ngā ratonga o raro whenua kē atu, me whakatakoto hoki i te ara kia iti ai te whakararuraru. I ētahi wā, ka tāutahia he rīpene whakatūpato, he paipa rānei ki runga ake i te taura i te 0.9 mita pea te teitei hei āwhina i ngā kaimahi o muri mai ki te kimi i mua i te keri.

Te Whakapōrearea Aronga

Mā te poka whakapūtanga aronga ka taea e ngā kaimahi te tanu i te muka me te kore e haehae i te mata katoa. Ka pokaia e tēnei tikanga he kauhanga piko i raro i te whenua, nō reira he tino pai mō ngā wāhi taupori e whakararuraru ana i ngā keri. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakauru te tanu i ngā taura 0.6–0.9 mita i roto i ngā tāone nui, tae atu ki te hohonu ake, tae atu ki te 1.5 mita, i raro i te rori, i te waka nui rānei, kia kore ai e pakaru.

Me whakamahi taputapu motuhake mō tēnei tikanga hei aroturuki i te ahunga whakamua o te keri, hei ārahi hoki i te hohonutanga e tika ana. He mea nui kia whakamātauria te oneone i te tuatahi, nā te mea ka taea e ngā toka, e te wai rānei te arahi i te keri ki tētahi ara hē. He nui ake te utu mō te keri i te tīmatanga, engari ka noho tuwhera tonu ngā tiriti me ngā ara hikoi, ka taea ai te penapena moni i roto i te wā.

Te Tārai-Iti

Mā te mahi keri-iti ka whakamahia he kani hei tapahi i tētahi awaawa whaiti, he torutoru henimita noa te whānui, i ētahi wā, i te taha o ngā ara hīkoi, i ngā taha rānei o te rori. Ka tukua te taura ki roto, ka tere te hiri. He tere, he iti ake te paru, ā, ka uru ki roto i ngā poraka tāone kikī.

Nā te mea he pāpaku te awaawa (he maha noa iho te 0.15-0.3 mita te hohonu), he pai te keri i ngā awaawa iti ina iti te tūponotanga mai i ngā mahi tiriti, i ngā pakiaka rākau rānei. Mā te pāpaku o te hohonu ka tere ake te mahi engari me whakamahi ngā kaiwhakauru i ngā hipoki pakari me te piri ki ngā aratohu tino pakari hei tiaki i te taura. Kia tirohia ō waehere ā-rohe, ā, me whakamahi tonu i te rīpene whakatūpato me te paipa tiaki ina tika.

Ngā Tūponotanga o te Hōhonutanga Hē

Ka whakararuraru ngā taura muka whatu i tanumia ki te hohonutanga hē i te whatunga katoa. Ka pā ki te whai huatanga o ngā taura, tōna roa, me ngā utu tiaki. Kei raro nei ngā mōrearea matua e pā ana ki te hohonutanga hē o te tanumanga:

• Te pakaru o ngā taura i ngā mahi o te mata, i ngā mīhini taimaha, i te nekenekehanga o te oneone rānei.

• Te pikinga ake o te mōrearea o te whakararuraru, te tahae, me te whakangaromanga

• Ka pakaru te tohu, ka whati rānei te taura i te urunga mai o te wai me te horo.

• Te utu tiaki me te whakatikatika teitei ake

• He uaua ki te uru atu ki ngā taura hei whakatika ina tanumia hohonu rawa

• Ngā raruraru mai i ngā inenga awaawa hē

• Ngā utu tāpiri mō ngā taputapu tāutanga me te whakatika motuhake

• Te roa o te ora o te taura nā te taumahatanga o te taiao

Ngā Tūponotanga o te Tanutanga Papaku

He maha ngā tūponotanga o ngā taura e tanumia ana ki te mata. Mā te haereere, te māra, te hanga whare iti rānei ka kuru, ka motu rānei te taura, inā koa ka pāngia e te kaha o te 100 N/cm. Ahakoa he mīhini tapahi tarutaru, he hāora rānei, ka taea te tapahi i te taura kia torutoru inihi te hohonu, ka mutu tonu te mahi. I ngā mara pāmu, ka taea e ngā parau me ngā mīhini te mau i ngā taura e titihia ana ki te 0.3m te teitei, ka tōia ake, ka whati rānei. Ka noho ngā taura papaku hei whāinga ngāwari mā ngā kaipahua me ngā tahae. Ka taea e tēnei tūponotanga te hua ake he motuhanga auau, he whakatikatika utu nui, me te koretake o ngā kiritaki.

Haunga ngā tūponotanga ā-tinana, ko te tanumanga papaku e tohu ana he ngāwari ake ngā taura ki te kitea. Ko te mōrearea o te hohonutanga hē, o te wai whakamakuku rānei ka pirau pea te oneone i runga ake, ka kitea ngā taura, ka taea ai te turuturu. Ko te urunga mai o te wai ka ngaro te tohu, ka pakaru katoa rānei te taura. Ka kino ake te āhua o te whenua nā te mea ka taea e te oneone tau te pana, te takahuri rānei i ngā taura i te wāhi tika, inā koa i raro i te pēhanga 20 kN/m2. Ko te otinga ngāwari ko te hipoki i a rātou me te tirotiro pinepine. Ka kitea wawetia ngā raruraru e ngā tirotiro, ā, ka ārai i ngā raruraru iti kia kore ai e huri hei mahi whakatikatika nui.

Ngā raruraru o te hōhonutanga nui

He wero anō tō te tanu hohonu rawa. Ahakoa te āhua haumaru, ka uaua ake te uru atu ki ngā taura hohonu ina hiahia koe ki te mahi whakatikatika, ki te whakapai ake rānei. Me whakamahi ngā taputapu me ngā mīhini motuhake mō ngā kaimahi tiaki, ā, ka nui ake te wā me ngā whakapaunga. Ko te tanu hohonu ka nui ake ngā utu tāutanga. Ko te keri hohonu ka nui ake te wā me te kaha. He ngāwari te ngaro i te tūnga tika o te taura, i te mea ka rerekē te hohonu o te rua mā te 0.2 mita i roto i te 10-20% o te mahi.

I ētahi āhuarangi, ka tūpono te huna hohonu ki te whakaraerae i ngā taura ki te pēhanga hukapapa, ina taea e te tipu hukapapa te whakaputa kaha tae atu ki te 10 kN/m2. Tērā pea ka nekehia, ka kino rānei te taura e tēnei pēhanga. Mā te pupuri i ngā hohonutanga e whakaarohia ana ka māmā ake te mahi tiaki ā muri ake nei, ka iti ake te utu, ā, ka āwhina hoki kia mahi te pūnaha kia rite ki te hoahoa.

Te Whakatūpato i tō Tāutanga mō te Ao Whānui

Mā te whakarite kia āpiti atu ki te heke mai, ka mau tonu te kaha o ngā pūnaha muka ahakoa ngā hangarau hou me ngā whenua e huri haere ana. Ehara i te mea he mea tutuki noa te whakaritenga o te hōhonutanga; engari he mea kia mau tonu ngā taura, kia wātea, kia rite hoki mō te heke mai.

Te Urunga Mō Te Wā Roa

He mea nui te urunga roa mō te whakatika, te whakamātautau me te whakakapi i ngā taura muka. Mēnā ka tanumia e koe ngā taura ki te hohonu rawa, tērā pea ka tiakina e koe engari ka kore e taea te uru atu ina he te mea. Ka tae te taura i te hohonutanga o te 1.0-1.5 m, inā koa he mea ārai, ki te wāhi pai - ka noho haumaru tonu mai i te huka, i ngā taraka taumaha, tae atu ki ngā waipuke, engari ka taea tonu te uru atu ki a rātou me ngā taputapu e tika ana. Ko ngā pūnaha keri keri e arahina ana e te taiaho, e pupuri ana i te tika i roto i te ±0.05 mita, ka āwhina i ngā kaiwhakauru ki te arotahi ki tēnei wāhi pai. Kāore he tangata e pai ki te keri matapo. Koinei te wāhi ka tīmata tonu te whai hua o te mahere me te tohu i ngā wāhi taura - ka penapena i ō haora o te whakaaro pohehe me te karo i te tūponotanga o te tapahi ki ngā rārangi i te wā e whakatikatika ana, e whakapai ake ana rānei. He mahi pai ko te tuhi i ia rārangi me te hohonu, kātahi ka pupuri i aua tuhinga kia hou, kia wātea hoki. Mā tēnei ka ārai i tō tāutanga ā muri ake nei, ā, ka iti ake te mamae o ngā whakatikatika ā muri ake nei.

Ngā Huringa Hangarau

Ka tere te haere o te hangarau, ā, ko ngā mea rongonui o ēnei rā, tērā pea ka ahua pōrangi āpōpō. Ka roa pea ngā taura muka mō ngā tekau tau, engari mā te tere ake, mā ngā tohu hou, mā ngā hononga iti ake rānei ka taea te whakarerekē i te hohonu o te tanu i a rātou, te momo taura rānei e whiriwhiria e koe. Mā te noho matatau ki ngā au hou, ahakoa he taura pai ake te ārai, he paerewa whatu hou rānei, ka taea e koe te whakatau i ngā mea e kore e ārai i a koe i te wā e haere ake nei. Ko te kōwhiringa pai ko te kōrero ki ngā tāngata kei te taha tonu o te ao - ngā kaihangarau, ngā kaihoko, ngā kairangahau rānei - kia kore ai koe e matapohia e tētahi paerewa hou, e tētahi taputapu hou rānei. Mā te hanga wāhi anō, mā te whakamahi rānei i ngā taura he nui ake ngā matua, ka taea e koe te waiho wāhi hei tipu.

Ngā Huringa Taiao

Ka taea e te huarere te whakararu i ngā taura kua tanumia. Ko ngā waipuke, ko te wera, ko te nekenekehanga o te oneone, hei tauira noa iho. He maha ngā mea hei ārai i te nui o te oneone ina tanumia ki te 1.0-1.5 mita te hohonu, engari he mea nui te momo oneone - te nekenekehanga o te onepu, te pakaru o ngā toka, me te paheke o ngā pakiaka. Ka taea e ngā taura ārai me te rīpene maitai te tu atu ki te pēhanga oneone tae atu ki te 50 kN/m2 - he kōwhiringa uaua mō ngā wāhi uaua. Ka keri tere, ka māhorahora hoki ngā mīhini keri rua karetao ahakoa i roto i te whenua uaua, ka whakaitihia ngā whakapaunga mahi mā te 30%. Mā ngā tirotiro ā-wā me ngā whakamātautau OTDR (tirohia te ngaronga -50 dB) ka hopu i ngā raruraru i mua i te pikinga. Ko te whakamahere mō ēnei nekehanga me te whakamātautau he maha ngā wā ka iti ake ngā ohorere i te heke mai.

Whakamutunga

He rerekē ngā hōhonutanga o te tanumanga taura muka. He nui te pānga o te oneone, te rangi, ngā ture me ngā tono ā-rohe. Ko ētahi tāone e tanumanga ana i ngā taura ki te hōhonu ake, tae atu ki te 1 mita. I ētahi atu wāhi, ka tanumia kia pāpaku ake. Mā te tanumanga tika i ngā taura muka ka tiakina mai i ngā kino pēnei i te keri, te waipuke, ngā waka taumaha rānei. Mā te hoahoa mohio i mua ka penapena moni me te pouri i te huarahi. Whakaarohia he tiriti tāone i muri i te ua nui. Ka maroke, ka haumaru hoki ngā taura kua tanumia kia hohonu. Kia mau tonu te rere o te tukutuku, whakamahia he tohutohu mohio me te whakaute i ngā ture ā-rohe. Kei te hiahia koe ki te whakawhānui ake i tō mahi? Kōrero ki ngā tohunga ā-rohe me te tirotiro i ngā rauemi o te ao. Waiho mai ō ake kōrero, ō tohutohu rānei hei pupuri i te haumaru o ngā taura a ētahi atu.

Ngā Pātai Auau

Kia pēhea te hohonu o te tanumanga o ngā taura muka whatu?

Ko ngā taura muka whatu ka tanumia i te 60 henimita ki te 1.2 mita i raro i te mata. Ka rerekē te hohonu tuturu i runga i ngā ture ā-rohe, ngā āhuatanga o te oneone, me ngā whakaritenga tāutanga.

He aha i rerekē ai te hohonutanga o te tanu o te taura muka?

Ka rerekē te hohonutanga o te tanumanga i runga i te āhuarangi, te momo oneone, te mōrearea o te kino, me ngā paerewa ā-motu, ā-rohe rānei. Tērā pea me hohonu ake te tanumanga o ngā tāone nui hei tiaki atu.

Ka aha mēnā kāore te taura muka i tanumia kia hohonu?

Ki te kore e hohonu te tanu o te taura muka, ka ngāwari ake te pakaru e te keri, te huarere, te kararehe rānei. Ka nui te utu mō ngā whakatikatika, ā, ka roa te wā e kore ai e mahi.

He rerekē ngā tikanga tāutanga mō ngā taura muka?

Ae, ka taea te whakatakoto taura muka mā te tanu tika, mā roto i ngā paipa hiko, mā roto rānei i ngā awa iti. I runga i te tikanga, ka rerekē te hohonutanga. Ko ētahi ka whakatakotoria hōhonu ake hei tiaki atu i te taiao, hei tiaki rānei i a rātou.

Me pēhea te whakatau i te hohonu tika mō te taura muka?

Kia pēhea te hohonu o te tanumanga o te taura muka? E whakaaro ana ngā kaiwhakauru ki ngā tūmomo mōrearea pēnei i te huka, te waipuke, me ngā mahi a te tangata.

Ka pā te hōhonutanga o te tanumanga ki te mahi a te taura muka?

Ae, ki te kore e tika te hōhonutanga, ka raru pea ngā taura i ngā piki me ngā heke o te pāmahana, te makuku me te kino o te tinana, ka heke ai te mahi me te poto ake o te roa o te ora.

Ka taea te hanga taura muka tanumia hei ārai i ngā mate urutā?

Ko te whakarite kia haumaru ā muri ake nei ko te tanu i te poka ki ngā hōhonutanga haumaru, te whakamahi i ngā paipa wai, me te whai i ngā tikanga pai kia taea ai e koe te whakapai ake me te pupuri i ngā utu tiaki kia iti.