taura muka whatu GJYXCH He taura taka FTTH tautoko-ā-unoa tēnei i hangaia mō ngā whatunga muka whatu whakamutunga. E whakamahia ana hei hono i ngā pūwāhi tohatoha whatu ki ngā kāinga, ki ngā whare, ki ngā pakihi, me ētahi atu kaiwhakamahi mutunga, inā koa i roto i ngā whakaurunga muka whatu ā-rangi.

Taura muka whatu GYXTW he taura muka whatu o waho kiato i hangaia mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ngā whatunga urunga, ngā whatunga tohatoha, me ngā hanganga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o waho. Ko tōna āhuatanga tino motuhake ko te he hanganga ngongo wetewete pokapū i honoa ki ngā mema kaha maitai whakarara, te tiakitanga ārai-wai, he paparanga pukupuku rīpene maitai i roto i ngā hanganga noa, me te hipoki waho PE ātete-huarere.

taura muka whatu GYTS33 he taura muka whatu o waho he mea hanga ki te ārai matotoru, i hangaia mō ngā taiao uaua e kore ai e taea e ngā taura o waho paerewa te whakarato i te tiaki ā-ringa e ranea ana. He tino pai mō raro i te wai, wai pāpaku, tanumia tika, me ētahi atu taiao tāutanga uaua ina pāngia te taura e te wai, e te kaha kukume, e te kuru, e te pānga, e te kino rānei i te kiore.

Taura muka whatu GYTS he taura muka whatu ā-waho e whakamahia whānuitia ana, i hangaia mō ngā whatunga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pono i roto i ngā taiao paipa, ngā taiao taura-rangi, me ngā taiao raro whenua. I te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia he he hanganga ngongo kore-ā-ringa, he mema kaha pokapū whakarewa, he pukupuku rīpene maitai kōpikopiko, he rauemi ārai-wai, me te hipoki o waho PEKa whakapai ake te rīpene maitai i te tiaki ā-ringa, ā, ka āwhina te hoahoa ngongo-kore ki te tiaki i ngā muka whatu mai i te ahotea kume me te ahotea taiao.

Taura muka whatu GYFTS he taura muka whatu ngongo-kore o waho e whakamahi ana i te he mema kaha pokapū kore-whakarewa, he ngongo korekore e piri ana, he rauemi ārai-wai, he pukupuku rīpene maitai, me te hipoki o waho polyethylene (PE)Ka whakaratohia e te rīpene maitai he parenga ā-ringa atu anō mai i te kuru, te pānga, te makuku, me ngā kiore, ā, ka pupuri te mema kaha pokapū FRP i te taura kia kore e kawe hiko i tōna pūtake.

Ko ngā waea o roto o ngā waeine maha-nohoanga FTTH, FTTB, MDU, ngā taura pokapū raraunga kiato me te whakatinanatanga o ngā paipa iti e whakatakoto ana i ngā whakaritenga tino pakari mō te mahi piko muka. Ka puta he ngaronga piko nui kitea i te muka aratau kotahi G.652.D tuku iho ina he iti rawa te radius piko, ka hua ake he ngoikore rawa te whatu, he ratonga PON kore pumau, he takanga wā-poto, tae noa ki te pakaru o te muka i te pae. I tukuna e ITU-T te paerewa G.657 hei whakaoti i tēnei raruraru, mā te tautuhi i ngā muka piko e rua e kore e aro ki te whakamuri e hototahi ana ki muri.

Mā te whiriwhiri hē i te muka aratau-kotahi ka nui rawa te ngaronga o te whatu, ka kore e whakaaetia te kaupapa, ka kore e hiahiatia te mahi anō, me te maumauria o te haumitanga whakapaipai. Mō ngā tekau tau, G.652D me G.657A2 kua kaha te whakahaere i ngā kaupapa muka whatu o te ao, mai i ngā whatunga tuara waea tawhiti, ngā hononga muka metro, ngā taura pokapū raraunga ki te whakatinanatanga muka FTTH ki te kāinga. He maha ngā kaiwhakahaere hoko, ngā miihini mara me ngā kaihoahoa whatunga e pā tonu ana ki te pōhēhētanga kotahi: Āhea tātou me whakatinana i te muka G.652D? He aha ngā āhuatanga e hiahia ana kia kore e piko te muka G.657A2? Ka taea te hono i ēnei momo muka e rua ki roto i ngā whatunga ranu?

Ko te Duct me te Direct-Buried e pā ana ki ngā tikanga ara tāutanga. E whakaahua ana a Armored i tētahi hoahoa hanganga taura. Ka taupatupatu ēnei kāwai, ā, kāore e tū motuhake tetahi ki tetahi. Ka taea e koe te tāuta taura ārai i roto i ngā paipa; ko ngā ara tanumia tika me hanga ārai i te nuinga o te wā. Ko te kore mārama ki tēnei mātāpono taketake ka arahi ki te pakaru o te taura i mua i te wā, te mahi anō ohorere, te whakahē i te tirotiro, me ngā mōrearea pono o te whatunga maha-tau.

Kua noho te taura muka whatu hei poutokomanawa mō ngā whatunga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hou, e tautoko ana i te ipurangi tere-nui, te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ngā pokapū raraunga, te hanganga 5G, te aunoatanga ahumahi, me ngā tāone atamai. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā taura parahi tuku iho, ka nui ake te whānui o te hononga o ngā taura muka whatu, ka iti ake te ngaronga tohu, ka roa ake te tawhiti tuku, ā, ka pai ake te ātete ki te pokanoa hikohiko.