Ko te tāutanga muka whatu ko te tuku raraunga mā roto i ngā tohu mārama i roto i ngā muka karāhe, e tuku ana i ngā tere tere me te pono ake ki te whakataurite ki te waea parahi tuku iho.

Ko te whakamahere tika, mai i te whakahaere i ngā rangahau o te papaanga kua oti te hanga ki te hoahoa i te whatunga, he mea nui ki te whakarite kia angitu te tāutanga o ngā taura muka whatu. Āraia ngā whiu nui me ngā kereme mā te whai i ngā ture ā-rohe me te tiki whakaaetanga mahi e tika ana.

Ko ngā muka whatu te pou tuarā o ā tātou hanganga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te mamati. Ka tautokohia e rātou ngā whanaketanga o te pāpāho, te whakaahua hauora, me ngā tono hou whakahihiri pēnei i te IoT me ngā tāone atamai.

He mea nui te whakatau mēnā me whakamahi ngā taura muka whatu o roto, o waho rānei. Aromātaihia te tono kua whakaritea, te tawhiti me te whānui o te whānui hei whakatau mēnā he tika ngā taura aratau-kotahi, aratau-maha rānei.

Mō te mahi roa Āraia ngā piko o te taura kikī Whakamātauria ngā hononga o tō pūnaha Whakamahia ngā hua tiaki kua whakamātauhia e te umanga Ka tino whakaitihia e tēnei tikanga te ngaronga tohu, ā, e kiia ana ko te mahi pai rawa atu.

Ko ngā taura muka whatu kounga teitei te mea e tere rawa atu ai te waea me te whānui o te whānui. He roa ake te ora o ngā taura muka i ō rātou taura parahi, ā, he otinga whānui tēnei hei ārai i ngā whatunga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o ēnei rā.

1. 
   1. Pā atu ki te tāuta taura muka whatu.

2. 2. Ina tāuta koe i ngā taura muka whatu, he tukanga whānui kei roto mō te mahi me te hononga.

3. 3. Tuatahi, whakawāteatia te wāhi tāutanga.

4. 4. Whai muri i tēnā, me tino tika te ara o ngā taura kia kore ai e pakaru te muka, ā, me whakarite kia hoki ki ngā taputapu whatunga e tika ana.

5. 5. Heoi anō, ko ngā taura muka whatu te pou tuarā o te hanganga whakawhitiwhiti raraunga tere-nui o ēnei rā.

6. 6. Ka taea e rātou ngā mea katoa mai i te ipurangi ki ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hauora.

7. 7. I roto i tēnei akoranga, ka ārahi mātou i a koe i roto i ngā kaupapa matua mō te tāuta tika i tō rorohiko tuatahi.

He aha te Tāutanga muka whatu?

Ko te tāutanga muka whatu he tukanga whakatū i tētahi whatunga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā tohu mārama hei kawe i ngā mōhiohio. Ka tutuki mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou mā roto i ngā miro angiangi o te karāhe, o te muka kirihou rānei.

Ka tukuna e ēnei muka ngā raraunga ipurangi, waea, me te pouaka whakaata i te tere o te mārama, ka waiho hei poraka hanga nui mō te hanganga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o tētahi hapori whakataetae. Kei te piki haere tonu te hiahia mō te hononga pono, pakari, me te tere.

Nō reira, kua piki haere te hiranga o ngā whatunga muka whatu mō te whakahohe i te urunga ipurangi whānui, te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me ngā tono hinonga he nui ngā raraunga.

Kāore ēnei ngoikoretanga o ngā taura muka whatu. Ka taea e ngā taura muka whatu te kawe i ngā oro maha atu i ngā tere tino teitei, arā, 10 gigabits ia hekona, he tere ake rānei.

Mā tēnei kaha nui ka taea e rātou te neke raraunga i ngā tere uira me te kore e mutu. He ātete ake rātou ki te ngaronga tohu me te pokanoa hikohiko, ka whakaratohia he hononga ma ake, he pono ake hoki.

Nā ōna āhuatanga ka tino pai mō ngā tono e hiahia ana i te whānui o te hononga me te iti o te whakaroa. Mai i te roma ataata ki te petipeti ipurangi ki te rorohiko kapua.

Tautuhia te Tāutanga Whatunga muka whatu

Ehara i te mea ko te tāuta noa te mahi whakarite mō te tāutanga o tētahi whatunga muka whatu, engari he tukanga taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa e uru ana ki te whakamahere, te tāutanga me te whakamātautau. Tīmata mā te whakamahere i te hoahoa whatunga.

Whai muri i tēnā, ka taea e koe te whakatau i te tikanga tāutanga tino tika—te tanu tika, te parau, te tāutanga ā-rangi rānei. Me whai waka taputapu motuhake mō te tāutanga.

Ka mahi koe me ngā hononga honohono mō ngā hononga tuturu me ngā OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometers) hei whakamātautau i te pono o te taura honohono. Kia tāutahia, ka honoa e ngā tohunga hangarau ngā taura ki ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ki ngā whatunga rānei e rite ana.

Ko te tikanga ka tutuki tēnei mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te honohono hanumi, i ngā hononga rangitahi rānei.

He mea nui ngā taura muka whatu, ngā taura whakapiri, ngā hononga, ngā wehewehe, me ngā taputapu whakawhiti raraunga ki roto i te whakaurunga. He mahi tahi te mahi a ia wāhanga kia pai ai te tuku raraunga.

Kei ngā tohunga hangarau ngaio te mātauranga me te wheako ki te whakahaere i ngā wāhanga uaua pēnei, me te whakarite kia tino tāuta te pou tuarā o te whatunga. He tino rawe rātou ki ngā mahi pēnei i te honohono muka, arā, ko tā rātou tikanga hono muka e rua e torutoru meneti noa iho te roa.

Ka tino whakanui ake tēnei āheinga rerekē i te manawanui o te whatunga.

Ngā Taupānga Taura Muka Whatu

I tēnei wā, ko ngā taura muka whatu te mea rongonui mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, e whakarato ana i te ratonga ipurangi tere-nui, e whakakaha ana hoki i ngā ratonga pāpāho tuku iho.

He mea nui ēnei mō ngā pūnaha aunoatanga ahumahi, me te tautoko i te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau whakaahua hauora mai i te endoscopy ki ngā matawai CAT.

Ko ngā tono hou ko ngā tāone atamai me ngā otinga IoT, ka taea ai e ngā muka whatu te tuku raraunga wā-tūturu mō ngā taputapu me ngā hanganga hono.

Ngā Mea Matua o te Taura Muka Whatu

He mahi uaua, he maha ngā taahiraa o te tāutanga taura muka whatu, e hiahia ana kia mōhio katoa ki ia wāhanga, taputapu me ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana i roto i te tukanga. Ka ārai ngātahi ēnei wāhanga taunekeneke i te ngaronga o te hononga, ka tukuna he raraunga tere-teitei i ngā tawhiti tawhiti.

Ahakoa kei te whakawhānui koe i tētahi Whatunga Rohe (LAN) kei te whakatinana rānei i ngā pūnaha muka-ki-te-kāinga (FTTH), me āta tupato, me tika hoki te mahi i ia raina. Me whai rauemi tika koe ki te hiahia kia angitu koe.

Tirohanga Whānui mō ngā Momo Taura Muka Whatu

He mea hanga tēnei taura mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tawhiti, ā, he uho whaiti (tata ki te 8-10 maikorona) hei tuku i tētahi aratau mārama kotahi, hei whakaiti i te ngaronga tohu. He pai rawa atu mō ngā tono mahi-teitei tae atu ki, engari kāore i te herea ki, ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ngā pokapū raraunga.

He nui ake te matua (50-62.5 maikorona) i hangaia ai tēnei momo, ā, he pai mō ngā tawhiti poto ake, pērā i ngā whatunga tari, e tuku ana i ngā otinga utu-pai mō ngā hiahia whānui-rahi.

I runga i tō tawhiti me ō hiahia whānui, ka rerekē te whakatau ko tēhea momo taura e tika ana. He pai ake ngā muka aratau-kotahi mō ngā tawhiti neke atu i te ono maero. He pai ngā muka aratau-maha mō ngā tāutanga LAN i raro i te 1,000 putu.

Te Mārama ki te Diameter o te Taura Muka Whatu

Ko te whānui o te taura ka pā tika ki te nui o te mārama ka taea te tuku me te whai huatanga. Ko ngā rahi muka taura paerewa pērā i te 250 maikorona mō ngā muka aratau-kotahi me te 900 maikorona mō ngā muka aratau-maha ka tino pai te whakataurite i waenga i te roa me te mahi.

He pai ake te mahi a ngā taura angiangi i ngā taiao he iti te wāhi, engari he pai ake te mahi a ngā taura matotoru ina tāutahia.

Te tūhura i te whānuitanga o ngā taura muka whatu

He pai ake te mahi a ngā taura muka whatu i ētahi atu momo taura, pērā i te parahi, i roto i ēnei kaha, tae atu ki te whānuitanga me te pono. Ka taea te whakaiti i te whakaiti—te hekenga o te tohu i te tawhiti—mā te honohono tupato me ngā rauemi hou.

Mā ngā hangarau hou, pērā i ngā pūrua irahiko, ka whānui ake te awhe whai hua, ka māmā ake ai te hononga tawhiti.

Ngā Āheinga Tere o te Taura Muka Whatu

He tere whakaharahara te tere o ngā muka whatu, e tautoko ana i ngā tere raraunga tae atu ki te 1 Gbps, neke atu rānei, he mea nui mō te rerema raraunga, te petipeti, me te mahi mamao. Kāore i rite ki ngā taura parahi, e eke ana ki te 100 Mbps te tere, he tere ake te tere o te muka.

Nā te pikinga nui o te tere ka tino mīharo te wheako o te kaiwhakamahi me te tuku ratonga.

Ngā Rauemi i roto i ngā Taura Muka Whatu

Ko ngā taura muka whatu he mea hanga ki te karāhe, engari ka taea te hanga mai i te kirihou, nā te mea ka tīpakohia te rauemi i runga i tōna kaha ki te hora i te mārama. Mā te hangarau hou i roto i ngā rauemi ka roa ake te mau o te taura, ahakoa mō ngā wāhi he tino pāmahana me ngā āhuatanga, me te kore e whakaiti i te ōritetanga o te mahi puta noa i te roanga o te ora o te taura.

Te Whakamahere i tō Tāutanga Muka Whatu

Mā te whakaaroaro me te whakamahere tupato, ka taea e te tāutanga muka whatu o tō tāone, o tō tāone nui rānei te whakahaere pai. Nō reira, mā te mōhiotanga tika, ka taea e koe te karo i aua hapa hou, ā, ka taea hoki te whakarite kia pai te haere o ngā mea katoa. Kei raro nei, ka tūhuratia e mātou ngā mahi nui hei āwhina i a koe ki te waihanga i tāu ake mahere tāutanga muka whatu angitu.

1. Whakahaerehia he Rangahau Papaanga Whānui

Ko te rangahau pai i te papaanga te taahiraa tuatahi ki te whakatakoto i ngā tumanakohanga tika mō te whānuitanga o te kaupapa. Tīmata mā te titiro ki ngā hanganga o nāianei. Whakauru atu ki ngā paipa, ngā awaawa, ngā pou rānei o nāianei, me te aro ki ngā herenga o te wāhi me ngā ratonga i runga ake me raro iho i te papa.

Me whai whakaaro anō hoki ki ngā āhuatanga taiao, pērā i ngā āhuarangi me te momo oneone, nā te mea he pānga tika ēnei ki te tāutanga taura. Ko te tāutanga muka whatu tika e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā inenga tika me ngā āhuatanga katoa o te tāutanga.

Kaua e tātai i ngā tātaitanga o muri o te tauera, ā, whakamahia ngā wira ine tawhiti, ngā taputapu ine tawhiti rānei hei tuhi tika i ngā tawhiti. Tāutuhia ngā wāhi mō ngā ārai hononga me ngā pūwāhi whakamutu. Mā te whakarato i tētahi taumata tuhinga tino pai ka āwhina i te whakamōhio i ngā wāhanga whakararo me te ārai i ngā ohorere a muri ake nei.

2. Hoahoahia te Tahora Whatunga

Ko te waihanga i te tahora whatunga ko te whakamahere i ngā ara tino whai hua mō ngā taura muka whatu. Ko ngā whakaaro matua ko te whakarite kia poto rawa ngā oma taura kia iti ake ai te ngaronga tohu.

He mea nui te karo i ngā piko koi hei whakaiti i te taumahatanga o ngā taura. Hei tāpiri, whakaarohia te kaha o te tauine a meake nei mā te whakarite kia waiho he wāhi hei tāpiri atu i ētahi atu taura. Ko te aratohu whānui ko te whakakī i te ōwehenga whakakī o ō paipa kia kore ai e piri ngā taura.

Tāutahia he taura ngoikore—20 ki te 30 putu ia maturuturunga—ki ia wāhi mō te ngoikore, ā, mēnā he whakatikatika, he whakarerekētanga rānei e hiahiatia ana. Ka nui te hiranga o te whakarato i ngā hoahoa whatunga taipitopito ki te tukanga mō te whakaatu i tēnei mahere me te whakapuaki atu ki ngā kaipupuri hea.

3. Whakatauhia ngā Whakaritenga Tāutanga

Whakamaherehia ngā taputapu me ngā rauemi tika, tae atu ki ngā hononga honohono, ngā tapatapahi muka kounga teitei, me ngā taura kounga teitei. Me whakamahi hoki i ngā taputapu tiaki pēnei i ngā karapu me ngā mōhiti haumaru me ngā tohu tika.

Whakatauhia te pūkenga hangarau e hiahiatia ana mō ngā mahi pēnei i te honohono, te whakamātautau rānei, ā, whakamaherehia he whakangungu mēnā e tika ana. He mea nui te mahi tahi wawe me ngā kaiwhakarato ratonga kia kitea ai ngā taupatupatu pea ki ngā hanganga o nāianei.

4. Tikina te Raihana e tika ana

I mua i te tāutanga, me ako koe ki ngā ture ā-rohe, me te tiki i ngā whakaaetanga katoa e tika ana. Mā te tutuki i ngā ture ka tiakina te haumaru o te marea, ā, ka ārai i te tautohe.

Ehara i te mea ko te urunga anake te whakahaere a te raihana; engari ka whakatakotohia he whakaritenga kounga, he mea tino nui haere i roto i ngā whatunga pakari, mahi teitei.

5. Whakaritea ngā Rauemi e Hiahiatia ana

Whakaritea ngā rauemi tāutanga e tika ana mō te whakatinanatanga angitu o te whatunga, tae atu ki ngā taura e tika ana, ngā hononga, me ngā ārai tiaki. Mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi kounga teitei ka tino whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te rahunga, ā, ka whakawhirinaki koe ki te mahi mō te wā roa.

Puritia ō taputapu me ō rauemi katoa ki tētahi wāhi haumaru, maroke hoki hei ārai i ngā pakaru, ā, me tirotiro tonu i ngā mea katoa ina whakamahia hei whakatika wawe i ngā hapa.

Me pēhea te Tāuta i ngā Taura muka whatu

He tukanga whānui, āta whakaarohia hoki te tāuta i ngā taura muka whatu, kua hangaia hei whakarite i ngā whakaritenga mahi ki te tono—kia mau ai te pono mō te wā roa. Mai i te hanganga i mua i te tīmatanga tae noa ki te whakahohenga whakamutunga, ko te piri ki ngā tikanga pai i ia wāhanga o te tukanga te mea nui ki te whiwhi i tētahi tāutanga angitu.

Pānuihia tonutia ngā mea i raro nei, i a mātou e ārahi ana i a koe i roto i ngā wāhanga matua o te tukanga tāutanga.

1. Whakaritea te Taura muka whatu

Mā te whakamahere tino pai ka angitu te tāutanga muka whatu. Tīmata mā te tango i te uhi taura me te taputapu tango tika hei ārai i te pakaru o ngā muka.

Kātahi, whakamahia he maripi muka hei hanga i tētahi mata pito ma, ōrite hoki mō te tuku mārama pai rawa atu. He mea tino nui te mārama o ia o ēnei mahi. Ahakoa he hē te whakatakotoranga, ka ngaro pea te tohu.

Ko ngā taputapu tino hiahiatia he mīhini whiri muka, he maripi tapatapahi me ngā mōhiti haumaru hei tiaki i ō kanohi mai i ngā muka wetewete.

2. Kōwhiria he Tikanga Tāutanga

I runga i ngā hiahia o tō hapori, ka taea te tāuta i ngā taura muka whatu ki runga i te rangi, ki raro rānei i te whenua. He tere ake te whakatū i ngā tāutanga ki runga i te rangi, ā, he iti ake te utu, he tino pai mō ngā tawhiti poto ake, mō ngā rohe rānei kua tū kē ngā pou hiko.

Ahakoa he nui ake te utu me te nui o te mahi, he pai ake te tiaki i ngā whakaurunga o raro whenua mai i ngā āhuatanga taiao me ngā kino ā-tinana. Ko te whenua, te tahua e wātea ana, me te rahi o te kaupapa ka pā ki te tikanga tāutanga tino pai.

Hei tauira, me whakamahere whānui ngā whakaurunga o raro i te whenua kia kore ai e neke atu i te whā ngā hurihanga 90-tohu e mahia ana mō ia rere o te paipa.

3. Tāutahia ngā Miro muka kia Haumaru

Ko te āhua o te here i ngā miro muka te mea nui hei karo i te ngaronga tohu me te kino tinana. Tautokohia ngā taura kua tāutahia i ngā wā maha hei whakaiti i te ahotea o te taura, hei ārai hoki i te taumahatanga, te tōia rānei o te taura.

Mā ngā hanganga tautoko, pērā i ngā waea karere, i ngā paipa o roto rānei, ka noho tika, ka tiakina hoki ngā taura. Mā te whakahaere tika i ngā taura, tae atu ki te paihere me te ara taura, ka noho ātaahua te pūnaha, ka noho pai, ka ngāwari hoki te tiaki.

4. Whakapūmautia ngā taura muka kia tika

• Kaua e piko koi, kia 20 ngā wā o te whānui o te taura e piko ana i te rahi o te taura.

• Whakamahia te paipa hiko hei tiaki i ngā taura, me ngā here taura hei whakau i ngā taura.

• Me waiho he wātea nui, kia 20-30 putu te iti rawa, mō ngā whakatikatika pea, mō te honohono rānei ā muri ake nei.

5. Tāpirihia me te Tiaki i ngā Pūwāhi Splice

Ka whakamahia ēnei pūwāhi honohono hei hono i ngā wāhanga muka rerekē, ā, me tiaki mai i ngā tūponotanga taiao. Whakatakotoria he paepae honohono me he āputa hei whakarite kia tika te tiaki i ngā hononga katoa.

Tāpirihia he ārai makuku huri noa i ngā hononga kia kore ai te makuku me te paru e pā ki te tohu.

6. Tūhonoa ngā Wāhanga muka kia Ataahua

I te mea he tairongo ngā hononga muka ki te whakaritenga me te pēhanga, he mea nui te tika i te wā e tāuta ana. Kia honoa, whakahaerehia he whakamātautau i ngā hononga kia mōhio ai kei te ma, kei te ora tonu te tohu.

He mea tino nui ngā taputapu kawe pēnei i te ine whakaata rohe-wā whatu (OTDR) hei āwhina i ngā tohunga hangarau ki te tautuhi wawe i ngā hapa.

7. Whakatinanahia he Tukanga Pupuhi

He tikanga tino tere te whakamahi i te hau hei pupuhi i ngā taura ki roto i ngā paipa hau mō ngā oma roa, tika. Ko te whakatauranga iti rawa e taunakitia ana mō te pūwero hau ko te 375 cfm.

Mō ngā tāutanga tae atu ki te 131–328 putu te teitei, whakamahia ngā hinu whakahinuhinu e hototahi ana ki ngā koti taura. Kaua e neke ake i te 40% te ōwehenga whakakī o ngā paipa kia ngāwari ai te tāuta, me te kore hoki e pakaru te muka.

8. Te Tāutanga Taura Whakataka

Ko ngā taura e whai ake nei ko ngā taura maturuturu e rere ana mai i ngā whare ki te whatunga matua. I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā taura, whakaarohia te tawhiti me ngā whakaritenga taiao.

I te wā e tāuta ana, kia tūpato ki te whai i ngā tikanga haumaru katoa, tae atu ki te whakamau tika i ngā taura hei karo i ngā tūponotanga hinga.

9. Te Whakatū i ngā Hikohiko me te Whatunga

• Honoa te muka whatu ki ngā taputapu whatunga pēnei i ngā pana me ngā pouara.

• Whirihorahia ngā pūrere kia tino pai ai te rere o ngā raraunga.

• Whakamātauria me te rapurongoā kia tika ai te mahi.

Ngā Tikanga Hononga Taura Muka Whatu

Ahakoa kei te hono, kei te whakamutu rānei koe i tētahi taura muka whatu, ko te mōhio ki ngā momo tikanga hononga he mea nui hei whakanui ake i te mahi me te pono. Ko ngā tikanga hononga matua e rua e wātea ana ko te hononga honohono me te hononga ā-ringa, ā, he rerekē ngā painga me ngā āhuatanga e rua hei paunatia.

Ka rerekē te whiriwhiri i te tikanga hononga tino tika i runga i ngā hiahia o te kaupapa, ngā whakaaro utu me te taiao e whakatinanahia ai ngā taura.

Me pēhea te hono i te taura muka whatu

Ko te hono i ngā taura muka whatu me whakapau kaha kia kore ai e mutu te tohu kounga teitei. Kātahi, pērā i ētahi atu tikanga, ka rite te taura mā te tango i te uhi o waho me te ngongo ārai, ka whakauru i te muka. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko te whakamahi i ngā taputapu pēnei i te mīhini tango muka me te tapatapahi.

Mō te honohono hanumi, ka whakarārangihia ngā muka i roto i tētahi mīhini honohono tika, ka whakarewahia, ka whakakotahihia hoki ngā muka hei hononga kotahi tonu. Ko te honohono ā-ringa e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi ringaringa whakarārangi kirihou hei pupuri i ngā muka kia piri tonu.

Ahakoa he roa ake te hononga, he iti ake hoki te ngaronga o te hononga honohono, he tere ake, he iti ake hoki te utu o te honohono ā-ringa mō ngā whakaurunga rangitahi. Mō ngā hua pono, ka taea hoki te whakahoki, me mahi tonu kia rite ki ngā aratohu a te kaihanga.

Whakamutua te taura muka whatu

Ko te whakamutu me tāuta hononga ki ngā pito o te taura. Ka tīmata tēnei tukanga mā te tango i te uhi taura, te horoi i te muka me te whakamutu i te hononga ki te muka kohua. He mea nui te tika, nā te mea ka taea e te whakamutu hē te hua ake he ngaronga tohu, he kino rānei.

Mā ngā taputapu motuhake, pērā i ngā taputapu whakakoi me ngā kete whakakanapa, ka taea te hanga hononga haumaru, poto hoki. He pai rawa ngā hononga he iti te ngaronga whakaurunga mō ngā pūnaha taura hanganga. E piri ana ēnei pūnaha ki ngā tikanga kua whakarārangihia i roto i te paerewa TIA-568 a te Telecommunications Industry Association.

Mā te whakamutu tika, ka māmā noa te whakahaere i te tiaki me te whakahou i te pūnaha.

Taura muka whatu honohono

Mā te honohono ā-tinana ka honoa ngā muka e rua hei hanga i tētahi hononga tonu, kāore e whati. Ko te honohono honohono he whakarewa wera nui, ā, mā te honohono ā-ringa ka whakamahia ngā ringaringa whakarārangi hei whakarārangi i ngā muka.

Ko te hononga honohono te tikanga hononga pai mō ngā hononga pumau nā te mea he roa ake te mau, ā, he iti ake te ngaronga tohu. Mā ngā taputapu whakamātautau tuatoru, pērā i te ine whakaata rohe-wā whatu (OTDR), ka whakarite kia tutuki, kia hipa rānei te hononga i ngā paerewa mahi.

Kia pehea te roa o te honohono

Ko te roa o te honohono ka whakawhirinaki ki te tika me te pūkenga o te tohunga hangarau me ngā taputapu honohono. Ko te roa o te honohono muka wha tekau e 5-10 meneti te roa mō ia honohono, ahakoa he tere ake te honohono ā-ringa.

Whakaritea mō tētahi rerenga mahi whai hua mā te whai whakaaro ki te tatūnga, te whakamātautau me ngā āhuatanga taiao tino rerekē.

Ngā Tikanga Pai mō te Tāutanga Muka

He mea tino nui te piri ki ngā tikanga pai ina tāuta ana koe i ngā taura muka whatu. Kua kitea e mātou he āwhina tēnei ki te whakahaere i tō tāutanga me te whakapiki i te pai, te pono, me te mahi roa.

Mā te whakarite tika i te wā tuatahi mā te whakamahere taipitopito me te whai i ngā tikanga tāutanga pai ka whakaitihia ngā hapa utu nui me te wā e ngaro ana i te mahi anō. Anei ētahi tikanga pai me whai e ngā kaiwhakauru katoa.

Te piri ki te Pūtoro Piko o te Taura Muka Whatu

He mea nui te whānui piko e wātea ana o te taura muka whatu hei tiaki i te pono o te tohu. E whakaatu ana tēnei whakatakotoranga i te tawhiti ka taea e te taura te piko me te kore e pakaru, e heke rānei te mahi.

Mā te neke atu i te radius piko iti rawa ka ngaro te tohu. Ko te mea nui pea, ka pakaru te muka muka kāore e taea te whakakore, ka tūpono ki te whatunga katoa.

Hei karo i ngā piko me ngā whanoke, kia iti rawa ngā piko, ā, whakamahia ngā otinga whakahaere taura pērā i ngā arataki, i ngā paepae rānei e whakatairanga ana i ngā piko maeneene, whānui. Ina huri ana i ngā kokonga, e haere ana rānei i roto i ngā wāhi kuiti, kia tino tautokohia ngā taura kia kore ai e piko.

Hei tauira, i ngā wā katoa e hiahia ana koe ki te huri i te ahunga, pērā i te hurihanga 90-tohu, whakamahia ngā pihi whānui hei utu mō ngā piko koki-matau. Me tirotiro tonu ngā whakaritenga a te kaihanga mō te radius piko iti rawa kia mau ai ki ngā rohe.

Te Mārama ki te Waehere Tae o te Taura Muka Whatu

Ka whakamahia e ngā taura muka whatu ngā waehere tae paerewa hei whakahaere i te tautuhi. I roto i ngā taura maha-muka, ka wehewehea ngā muka e ngā waehere paerewa. Ko te kikorangi te muka tuatahi i tāutahia, ko te karaka te tuarua, ā, ko te kakariki te tuatoru.

He mea nui ēnei waehere hei whakarite kia tika ngā hononga i te wā e honoa ana, e whakamutua ana rānei. Mā te waehere tae ka ārai i ngā hapa ina hiahiatia he tiaki, he whakapai ake rānei mō te hanganga.

Hei tauira, ina rapurongoā ana i tētahi whatunga, mā te tautuhi mārama i ngā muka ka tere ake te tukanga, ka ārai hoki i ngā hapa. He mea nui te pupuri i tētahi tūtohi ora o ēnei waehere ki te whakapai ake i te tika me te whakanui ake i te wā whakamuri.

Te Whakatika i ngā Take Taiao

Me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga o waho pēnei i ngā huringa pāmahana, ngā taumata makuku, me te pānga o te hihi UV i te wā e whakamahere ana i ngā tāutanga muka. Mō ngā tāutanga o waho, he pai ake ngā taura he koti ā-waho hei whakarite kia ātete ki te pānga o te makuku me te pāmahana tino kino.

I ngā āhuarangi makariri, whiriwhiria ngā rauemi muka tipu i hangaia mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga hukapapa. Hei tauira, ko ngā taura ngongo-kore te mea pai mō ngā taiao e tumanakohia ana ka whānui, ka whakawhāiti hoki.

Whai muri i te tāutanga, mā ngā tirotiro auau ka taea te whakatika wawe i ngā pānga taiao ā muri ake nei. Mā tēnei whakaaro whakamua ka whakaitihia te tūponotanga o ngā raruraru mahi ā muri ake nei.

Te Ara Taura i roto i ngā Hanganga o nāianei

Tērā pea he rerekē ngā wero o te tāpiri muka ki ngā whare o nāianei, pērā i te iti haere o ngā wāhi urunga e wātea ana, ngā paipa tawhito rānei. He pai te whakahou, engari he mea nui te whakamahere tupato hei ārai i ngā whakararuraru.

Hei tauira, mā te mahere i mua i ia ara taura me te manatoko i te hanganga i mua i te wā ka āwhina i te karo i ngā whakaroa tāutanga utu nui e pā ana ki te whakahou. Mā ngā paipa ngāwari, ki te tika, ka taea te hanga i te wāhi e hiahiatia ana hei nekeneke i roto i ngā wāhi kuiti me te kore e tūpono ki te kino o te taura.

Ngā Rautaki Whakatūpato-Ā-Mārama

• Whakamahia ngā taura kaha ake hei tautoko i ngā hiahia raraunga ā muri ake nei.

• Hoahoa whatunga me ngā hononga modular hei whakawhanui i te tauine.

• Whakamahia ngā hangarau pēnei i te whakarea roangaru hei whakawhānui i te kaha.

Mā ngā hoahoa tauine ka taea te whakarite kia taea e ngā whatunga te tipu me te urutau i te whanaketanga o te hangarau, ka penapena moni ai mō te wā roa.

Te Whakamātautau me te Whakatau Rapanga

He mea nui kia whakamātauria, kia rapurongoāhia hoki ngā taura muka whatu i muri i te tāutanga, kia pai ai te mahi a tō whatunga. Mā te whakamātautau i mua i ngā hononga katoa, ka taea e koe te kite me te rapurongoā i ngā raruraru i mua i te pānga ki te mahi. I te mea neke atu i te 90% o ngā waka ipurangi e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā kiritaki ahokore pērā i ngā waea me ngā pouaka whakaata, he mea nui te pupuri i te pono o ngā whatunga muka whatu hei tautoko i ēnei hononga.

He mea nui ngā taputapu me ngā tikanga motuhake mō te tautuhi tika me te pupuri i ngā pūnaha muka whatu.

Te Whakamahi i te Whakamātautau Taura Muka Whatu

Ko te taputapu whakamātautau taura muka whatu te taputapu muka whatu tino nui i te wā tāutanga. Ka whakamātauhia kia tika ai te mahi a te hononga muka, kia tika te hononga, kia pai ai hoki te mahi.

He rongonui ngā taputapu whakamātautau pēnei i te Visual Fault Locator (VFL) i waenga i ngā taputapu whakamātautau muka nā te ngāwari o te whakamahi me te whai huatanga. Ka taea e te VFL te tautuhi wawe i ngā whati, ngā hononga hapa, ngā hononga hē rānei mā te tuku i te rama whero e kitea ana mā roto i te muka, kia māmā ai te kite i ngā hapa i te roanga o te taura.

Ahakoa he utu nui, he uaua hoki ngā Whakaata Rohe-Wā Whatu (OTDR), ka taea e rātou te tātaritanga hōhonu mō te hauora o te taura. He tino pai tā rātou mahi ki te ine i te ngaronga me te tautuhi i ngā hapa i ngā toronga whānui. He tino pai te VFL mō ngā tirotiro haere tonu me te aukati.

He tino pai te OTDR ki te whakarato pikitia o te hononga whatu katoa, ā, ka whakaitihia te wā whakatikatika (MTTR) i te wā e tāuta ana, e rapurongoā ana rānei. Me whai i ngā whakaritenga taketake mō te whakatikatika me te whakatikatika. Whai i ngā whakaritenga a te kaihanga kia whiwhi ai i ngā hua pai rawa atu.

Te Tātari i ngā Hapa me ngā Hangarau Hou

Ka taea e ēnei hangarau hou te whakapai ake i ngā āheinga kimi hapa i roto i ngā pūnaha muka whatu. Ko ngā taputapu tātaritanga matatau, pērā i te aroturuki muka hohe (AFM), ka aroturuki mārire i te whatunga i te wā tonu hei kimi i ngā hapa, i ngā nganatanga urutomo rānei.

Ka tukuna e te AFM ngā whakatūpato wā-tūturu, e āhei ai koe ki te mahi tonu, he rerekē ki ngā tirotiro ā-wā e waiho ana koe kia ngoikore. Mā ngā taputapu ringaringa pērā i ngā tautuhi muka (FI) ka māmā ake te whakamātautau i te wāhi tonu mā te tautuhi i ngā tohu ora me te kore e hiahiatia te momotu i ngā taura, ka whakaiti i te wā kore mahi.

He mea nui te whai i ngā otinga auaha, inā koa ko te mākete whakamātautau muka whatu e matapaetia ana ka tipu tata ki te 9% ia tau. Ko ngā taputapu me ngā pūmanawa kua hangaia kia rite ki ēnei paerewa ahumahi, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e te Fiber Optic Association (FOA) me te International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), ka whakarite i te hototahitanga. Ka whakapai ake hoki i te pono.

Ngā Mahi Whakahaere Kounga i Muri i te Tāutanga

• Manatokohia ngā taumata tohu me ngā tawhā mate mā te OTDR, VFL rānei.

• Tuhia ngā taipitopito tāutanga, tae atu ki ngā hua whakamātautau me ngā tahora taura.

• Whakaritea he mahi tiaki auau hei kite i te pakaru me te whakapai ake i te mahi.

• Whakamahia te AFM hei aroturuki tonu me te kimi hapa tere.

Muka me te Parahi: He Whakataurite

Mō te tuku raraunga, he rerekē rawa ngā hangarau e rua, he rerekē hoki ngā painga o ngā taura muka whatu me ngā taura parahi. Nā te tere me te pono whakamiharo o ngā taura muka whatu, ka tere ake te tuku raraunga i te parahi. Ahakoa he iti ake te utu mō te wā poto, he here kei ngā taura parahi, ā, kāore e pai mō ngā hiahia hangarau teitei o ēnei rā.

Pānuihia tonutia i raro nei kia kite ai koe i te āhua o te tūhonohono o ēnei hangarau e rua i roto i ētahi wāhanga matua.

He aha i pai ake ai ngā taura muka whatu i te parahi?

He maha ngā painga mārama o ngā taura muka whatu ki te whakatauritea ki te parahi. Ko tētahi painga nui ko tōna pakari. Ka taea e te muka whatu te tuku i ngā raraunga nui me te kore e heke te tohu, ahakoa puta noa i ngā whānuitanga roa.

Ko ngā taura parahi ka tīmata te heke haere i tua atu i te 328 putu (100 mita). Kāore e ngaro te pono o te tohu o ngā muka whatu ahakoa neke atu i te maero. He nui ake te whānui o te hononga e tukuna ana e rātou, e tautoko ana i ngā tere tae atu ki te 800 Gbps, ki te whakataurite ki te mōrahi o te parahi o te 10 Gbps.

He ātete te muka ki te pokanoa hikohiko (EMI). Mā tēnei ātete ka taea te whakamahi pono, ahakoa i roto i ngā taiao haruru hiko nui pērā i ngā wheketere, i ngā pokapū raraunga rānei.

I te mea e aro ana ngā umanga katoa ki te hiahia mō ngā whatunga tere ake, pono ake hoki, kei te piki haere tonu te hiahia mō ngā otinga muka whatu. Ahakoa te whakapai ake i te hononga mō ngā otinga tauine umanga ahuwhenua-hangarau, te whānui whānui kāinga tohatoha rānei, ka whakaratohia e te muka whatu he otinga pakari ake mō ngā hiahia hanganga o ēnei rā i te parahi.

muka Tere Whatu vs. Parahi

• Ngā Taura muka whatu: Tae atu ki te 800 Gbps i ngā tawhiti roa.

• Ngā Taura Parahi: He iti noa ki te 10 Gbps, he whānuitanga whai hua tata ki te 328 putu.

Ko te wehewehenga matihiko i hangaia e te rerekētanga tere i waenga i ēnei hangarau he pānga kino mō ngā kaiwhakarato ratonga ipurangi me ngā kaiwhakamahi mō te wā roa. Ka taea e ngā muka whatu te whakahaere i te tono tere-tiketike o te rerema 4K, te rorohiko kapua me te mahi mamao ka waiho pea te parahi kia mau.

Taura muka whatu me te taura Ethernet

Ko te Ethernet, he mea hanga ki te parahi te nuinga, he pai te mahi mō ngā whakaurunga tawhiti poto engari kāore i te rite te kaha tawhiti ki te muka whatu. Mā te muka whatu ka taea te tuku raraunga maeneene i waenga i ngā tāone, i waenga rānei i ngā whenua, me te kore e heke te tohu e pā ana ki a koe me te Ethernet.

Nā tēnei painga i akiaki te hekenga nui o ngā hanganga ki te muka i roto i ngā whatunga waea me ngā whatunga hinonga.

Taura muka whatu vs. CAT6

Ahakoa he pai ngā taura CAT6 mō tō whatunga ā-rohe, ki te whakatauritea te tere me te whānui o te hononga, kāore e tata ki te muka whatu. Ka taea e te muka te whakauru ngāwari i ngā tono e hiahia ana ki te whānui o te hononga, pērā i te huihuinga ataata, ngā hononga rokiroki tūmau me te kapua, me ētahi atu.

Koinei tētahi o ngā kāwai tono ka raru pea te CAT6.

Taura muka whatu me te taura honohono

• He pai ake te whānui o te hononga me te pono mō ngā whatunga hou.

• Ngā Taura Whakawhitiwhiti: Ngāwari ki te pokanoa, ā, he iti te mahi.

Te Whānuitanga o te Taura Muka Whatu

Ka taea e te whānui o te hononga o te muka te whakauru atu ki ngā tere ipurangi tere rawa atu, me te whakarato hononga kore whakaroa ki ngā tini kaiwhakamahi me ngā taputapu i te wā kotahi. Ahakoa ka pā te kounga o te tāutanga me te taputapu ki te mahi, kāore e taea te hinga i te muka ina tae mai ki te tauine whānui mō ngā whatunga o te heke mai i roto i te wā.

Ngā Whakaaroaro Utu mō te Muka

I te wā e haumi ana ki te hangarau muka whatu, he maha ngā whakaaro utu e whai wāhi nui ana ki te whakatau i te utu tāutanga katoa. E rongo ana mātou he nui ake ngā utu tīmatanga mō ngā muka whatu i ērā atu otinga ipurangi.

Ahakoa he nui ake ngā utu o mua, nā te penapena mō te wā roa me te pai ake o te whai huatanga ka waiho hei haumitanga whai hua. He mea nui kia mārama ki ngā whakaaro utu mō te muka. Kei raro nei, ka wetewetehia e mātou ngā whakaaro nui kia mārama ake ai koe ki te ao pūtea o ngā whakaurunga muka whatu.

Ngā Utu mō te Tāutanga Muka Whatu

He maha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te utu o te tāutanga muka whatu. Ko ētahi atu rauemi, inā koa ko ngā taura muka, ngā paipa me ngā paipa iti, ka nui ake te utu.

Hei whakatairite, ko te utu tata mō te taura muka aratau-kotahi 12-aho kei waenganui i te $8,500 ki te $10,000 ia maero. Hei whakatairite, ko te utu mō te putanga 96-aho kei waenganui i te $20,000 ki te $30,000 ia maero.

Mō te tāutanga ā-rangi, ko te utu mahi he rau ki te mano ia maero. Ko te utu mō ngā tāutanga o raro whenua kei waenga i te $5,000 ki te $20,000 ia maero nā te keri me te tāutanga paipa tāpiri.

He mea nui anō hoki te rahi me te uaua o tō kaupapa. Ko ngā whatunga nui ake e toro atu ana ki ētahi maero, ki ngā rohe rānei e hiahia ana kia whakatakotoria te muka ki raro i te whenua, ka nui ake ngā utu.

Mā te whakaae ki ngā āhuatanga ohorere i roto i te hanganga mō ngā mea pēnei i ngā utu whakaaetanga hou kua tāpirihia, me ētahi atu arai kāore i te tumanakohia mō tētahi wāhi mahi, ka taea e ngā kaupapa te karo i te whakapau moni ki roto i ngā ohorere.

Te Mārama ki te Utu Tāutanga Muka Whatu

Ko te whakatau i ngā utu tāutanga pea ko te tirotiro i ngā taurangi maha tae atu ki te rohe whenua, te rahi o te kaupapa, me te āhua o te tāutanga.

Hei tauira, he iti ake te utu mō ia putu mō ngā whakaurunga ā-rangi, i waenga i te $0.09 me te $1.52. He rerekē, ko ngā whakaurunga o raro whenua i waenga i te $1 ki te $6 mō ia putu rārangi.

Ko ngā utu mō ngā paipa wai, i runga i te rahi o ngā paipa wai, ka tāpirihia he $2 ki te $4 tāpiri mō ia putu rārangi. Ahakoa te pūtea ā-motu, he nui te awe o ngā kaha whakataetae o te mākete ki ngā utu mō ngā kaiwhakarato ratonga.

Mā te tiki i ētahi whakatau utu ka āwhina i a koe ki te pupuri i ngā utu kia iti, ā, ka mārama hoki ki a koe te hanga utu a ngā kaiwhakarato rerekē i runga i ō hiahia ahurei.

Te Utu Whakatika Taura Muka Whatu

Ka rerekē ngā utu whakatika i runga i te kaha o te kino, te wāhi me te nui o te mahi e hiahiatia ana. Mā te tiaki auau ka whakaitihia te hiahia mō ngā whakatikatika utu nui, ā, ka roa ake te ora o te taura.

Ngā Irahiko i roto i te Whakatakotoranga muka whatu

Mā ngā paipa iti ka māmā ake te tāutanga mā te whakaiti i ngā whakapaunga mahi me ngā whakapaunga rauemi. Hei whakanui ake i te whakamahinga whai hua a meake nei, me ngana kia 40% te ōwehenga whakakī hei whakanui ake i te wāhi i roto i te paipa, me te whakaae tonu ki ngā whakapainga.

Whakamutunga

Te tere, te pono, me te whai huatanga—koinei ngā painga o ngā taura muka whatu ka taea te huri i tō whatunga. Ina kore koe e mahi i ngā mahi tika, e whakamahi rānei i ngā taputapu tika, ka tukuna koe ki tētahi pūnaha e hiahia ana kia whakatikatikahia tonutia, kia utu nui hoki. Ko te whakamahere tupato, te tāutanga tika, me te whakamātautau tino pai ngā mea e rerekē ai. Arotahi ki te kounga i ia wāhanga hei karo i ngā raruraru a meake nei.

Ahakoa kei te neke atu koe i te parahi, kei te neke tika atu rānei ki te muka hei whanaketanga hou, he tino pai ngā painga o te muka. Mā tēnei ka taea te whakaputa tere raraunga teitei ake, tawhiti atu, me te mahi pai ake. Ahakoa te ahua nui ake o te utu tuatahi, he uaua ki te whakataurite i te uara mō te wā roa.

Kei te hiahia koe ki te ako atu mō te whakamahi i te muka? Kia mārama ki ngā kaupapa matua, waiho ō moni ki te wāhi e tāuta ai koe, ā, ka wheako koe i te rerekētanga. Ko te muka te huarahi hei whakarite i tō whatunga mō ngā rā kei te heke mai, kia tere ake ai, kia mātau ake ai hoki.

Ngā Pātai Auau

He aha te tāutanga muka whatu?

Ko te tāutanga muka whatu he tukanga whakatinanatanga me te whakatū i ngā whatunga muka whatu e whakarato ana i te ipurangi tere mā roto i ngā hononga whānui, i ngā whatunga rohe rānei. Inaa, me tāuta tika, me whakamahi i ngā taputapu tika, me ngā mahi whakatūpato haumaru hei whakatutuki i te mahi tino pai.

He aha ngā taputapu e hiahiatia ana mō te tāutanga taura muka whatu?

Tuatahi, he taputapu tango muka whatu He taputapu kutikuti He taputapu honohono Ngā hononga He mita hiko Me whakarite ēnei taputapu tāpiri. He mea nui ēnei taputapu hei āwhina i ngā kaimahi ki te tapahi, ki te hono, me te whakamātautau i ngā taura kia angitu ai te tāutanga.

Ka taea e au te tāuta i ngā taura muka whatu māku ake?

E taea ana, engari me whai pūkenga hangarau me ngā taputapu tika. Mō ngā whakaurunga uaua, mā te utu i ngā tohunga ka whakarite kia haumaru, kia whai hua hoki.

Me pēhea taku whakarite mō te tāutanga muka whatu?

Tīmata mā te aromatawai i ngā whakaritenga o tō whatunga, te whakatū i te ara o te taura, me te tautuhi i ngā whakaaro taiao pēnei i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana me ngā arai. Mā te whakamahere i mua ka ārai i ngā hapa i roto i ngā kōwhiringa tāutanga.

He aha ngā tikanga honohono noa mō ngā taura muka whatu?

Ko ngā tikanga matua e rua e whakamahia ana hei hono i ngā muka ko te hononga honohono me te hononga ā-ringa. Mā te hononga honohono ka kaha ake te hononga, ka tere ake, ka māmā ake te hononga ā-ringa.

Me pēhea taku whakamātautau i ngā taura muka whatu i muri i te tāutanga?

Hei tirotiro i te tohu e puta mai ana i roto i tō tāutanga muka, me whakamahi koe i tētahi mita hiko muka whatu. Muri iho, whakamātauria te pono o te taura me tētahi ine whakaata rohe-wā whatu (OTDR). Ko te whakamātautau anake te huarahi hei whakarite kei te mahi tika te pūnaha.

He pai ake te muka whatu i ngā taura parahi?

Ae, he tere ake ngā tere o ngā taura whatu katoa, he roa ake te tawhiti tuku, ā, he pakari ake i ngā taura parahi. He tino pai mō ngā hiahia raraunga tere-teitei o ēnei rā.