Cov Modules Optical: Lub hauv paus ntawm Kev Sib Txuas Lus Ceev Ceev Niaj Hnub Nim No Netwo

Cov Modules Optical: Lub hauv paus ntawm Cov Kev Sib Txuas Lus Ceev Ceev Niaj Hnub

2026-05-07

Hauv lub hnub nyoog digital, qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv khiav ob npaug txhua ob xyoos thiab AI, kev suav huab, thiab 5G thev naus laus zis tsav kev xav tau exponential rau bandwidth, cov khoom siv kho qhov muag tau tshwm sim los ua cov phab ej tsis muaj npe nrov ntawm kev sib txuas lus thoob ntiaj teb. Cov khoom siv me me, siab-precision no ua haujlwm ua tus choj tseem ceeb ntawm cov teeb liab hluav taws xob thiab kho qhov muag, ua rau muaj kev sib kis cov ntaub ntawv ceev ceev, ntev uas muaj zog rau cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv niaj hnub, cov tes hauj lwm sib txuas lus, thiab cov txheej txheem lag luam. Tsab xov xwm no tshawb nrhiav cov modules kho qhov muag los ntawm ntau qhov ntev - kev txhais, cov ntsiab cai ua haujlwm, hom, daim ntawv thov, cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb, cov qauv kev lag luam, thiab kev cia siab yav tom ntej.

Cov Modules Optical Yog Dab Tsi? Kev Txhais thiab Lub Luag Haujlwm Tseem Ceeb

Ib optical module (optical transceiver) yog ib lub cuab yeej hluav taws xob-kho qhov muag uas hloov cov teeb liab hluav taws xob mus rau hauv cov teeb liab kho qhov muag rau kev xa mus rau fiber ntau kho qhov muag, tom qab ntawd hloov cov teeb liab kho qhov muag tau txais rov qab mus rau hauv cov teeb liab hluav taws xob. Feem ntau hu ua "lub plawv ntawm kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag," nws koom ua ke ntau pua lub micro-components - suav nrog lasers, photodiodes, driver chips, optical lenses, thiab cov teeb liab ua haujlwm - rau hauv ib pob me me, tus qauv.

Tus nqi tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag yog nyob rau hauv kev daws cov kev txwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev xa hluav taws xob raws li tooj liab: kev txo qis ntawm cov teeb liab, kev cuam tshuam hluav taws xob (EMI), thiab kev cuam tshuam bandwidthTxawm hais tias cov xov tooj liab muaj teeb meem nrog qhov deb tshaj 100 meters thiab cov ntaub ntawv ceev, cov khoom siv kho qhov muag siv cov fiber optics 'cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb -Kev poob qis (0.2dB/km), bandwidth siab heev (>50THz), thiab tiv thaiv EMI—xa cov ntaub ntawv hla ntau pua kilometers ntawm qhov ceev ncav cuag terabits ib ob (Tbps).

Cov Cheebtsam Tseem Ceeb ntawm Optical Modules

Yuav kom nkag siab txog lawv cov haujlwm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom rhuav tshem cov sub-assemblies tseem ceeb:

Lub Rooj Sib Tham Txog Kev Xa Khoom Siv Optical Sub-Assembly (TOSA)Siv lasers (DFB, EML, lossis VCSEL) los hloov cov teeb liab hluav taws xob mus rau cov teeb liab pom kev.
Lub Rooj Sib Tham Txog Kev Txais Optical Sub-Assembly (ROSA): Hloov cov teeb liab kho qhov muag rov qab mus rau cov teeb liab hluav taws xob ntawm photodiodes (PIN / APD).
Cov Tsav Tsheb & DSP ChipsUa kom cov teeb liab hluav taws xob nrov dua, hloov kho cov zis laser, thiab ua cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los kho qhov yuam kev.
Kev Sib Txuas Lus Kho Qhov MuagTxuas rau cov cables fiber (LC, SC, MPO connectors) rau kev xa cov teeb liab.
Kev Tswj Xyuas & Kev Saib Xyuas Circuitry: Ua kom muaj peev xwm taug qab qhov kub thiab txias, qhov hluav taws xob, thiab lub zog kho qhov muag (DDM/DDMI) tiag tiag kom ntseeg tau.

Yuav Ua Li Cas Optical Modules Ua Haujlwm: Lub voj voog hloov pauv "Hluav Taws Xob-Optical-Electrical"

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag ua raws li qhov yooj yim tab sis ntse EOE (Hluav Taws Xob-Kho Qhov Muag-Hluav Taws Xob) kev ua haujlwm, muab faib ua peb theem tseem ceeb:

1. Kev Kis (EO Hloov)

Cov teeb liab hluav taws xob (0s thiab 1s) los ntawm cov servers, switches, lossis routers raug xa mus rau lub optical module's driver chip. Lub chip modulates lub semiconductor laser (piv txwv li, DFB rau ib hom fiber, VCSEL rau ntau hom fiber) kom tso tawm lub teeb pulses sib raug rau cov teeb liab hluav taws xob. Cov teeb pulses no ces raug txhaj rau hauv optical fiber rau kev xa.

2. Kev Kis Fiber

Lub teeb liab kho qhov muag mus ncig los ntawm lub fiber core nrog qhov poob tsawg kawg nkaus thiab tsis muaj EMI. Ib hom fiber (SMF) txhawb nqa kev sib kis ntev (txog li 120km rau kev sib txuas lus), thaum ntau hom fiber (MMF) siv rau kev sib txuas lus luv luv (100m-2km).

3. Kev Txais Tos (OE Hloov)

Ntawm qhov chaw mus, lub ROSA ntawm lub optical module tau txais cov teeb liab. Lub photodiode hloov lub teeb liab optical rov qab mus rau hauv lub teeb liab hluav taws xob, uas tom qab ntawd tau ua kom nrov dua, ntxuav, thiab ua tiav los ntawm DSP chip kom rov qab tau cov ntaub ntawv qub. Lub teeb liab hluav taws xob thaum kawg raug xa mus rau lub cuab yeej txais (server, router, thiab lwm yam).

Qhov kev hloov pauv EOE no ua rau cov ntaub ntawv mus ncig ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb los ntawm cov tes hauj lwm fiber ntau, ua rau cov khoom siv kho qhov muag tsis tseem ceeb rau kev sib txuas lus ceev ceev.

Hom Optical Modules: Kev faib tawm los ntawm Kev Ceev, Daim Ntawv Qhia, thiab Daim Ntawv Thov

Cov khoom siv kho qhov muag muaj ntau yam kev qhia tshwj xeeb, feem ntau yog cais los ntawm Tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, daim ntawv qhia (hom pob), qhov deb ntawm kev sib kis, thiab hom fiberHauv qab no yog cov hom feem ntau, uas tau kho kom zoo rau cov lus tseem ceeb SEO xws li "SFP module," "QSFP28 transceiver," thiab "800G optical module."

1. Los ntawm Tus Nqi Ntaub Ntawv (Ceev)

Qis-Speed (1G/10G)SFP (1.25G), SFP+ (10G) - Laus lawm, tsim nyog tus nqi, siv rau hauv cov tes hauj lwm lag luam, FTTH, thiab 5G nkag mus rau cov txheej txheem.
Nruab Nrab Ceev (25G/40G/100G)SFP28 (25G), QSFP+ (40G), QSFP28 (100G) - Tseem ceeb hauv cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv (40G/100G) thiab 5G mid-haul networks (25G).
Kev Kub Ceev (200G/400G/800G)QSFP-DD (200G/400G), OSFP (400G/800G) - AI cov khoom siv hauv chaw khaws ntaub ntawv, txhawb nqa GPU clustering thiab cov haujlwm huab siab.
Kev Kub Ceev Heev (1.6T+)Cov modules CPO (Co-packaged Optics) tiam tom ntej - Tab tom tsim kho rau xyoo 2026+, tsom mus rau AI supercomputers thiab cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv loj heev.

2. Los ntawm Daim Ntawv Qhia (Hom Pob Khoom)

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm daim ntawv qhia txog qhov loj ntawm module, qhov ceev ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj, thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog cov khoom siv network (switches, routers). Cov qauv tseem ceeb suav nrog:

SFP/SFP+Me me, yooj yim ntsaws rau hauv qhov kub, qhov chaw nres nkoj ceev - Feem ntau siv rau 1G-10G daim ntawv thov.
QSFP+/QSFP28Plaub lub qhov (port) me me, me me - 40G/100G cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm tau zoo.
QSFP-DD/OSFPOb chav ceev, muaj zog ntau - 400G/800G AI-optimized modules.
CFP/CFP2Loj, muaj zog heev - Cov qauv sib txuas lus qub 100G/200G.

3. Los ntawm Kev Kis Nrug & Hom Fiber

SR (Kev ncav cuag luv luv)Multi-hom fiber (MMF), 100m-2km - Kev sib txuas hauv chaw khaws ntaub ntawv.
DR (Kev ncav cuag Chaw Ntaub Ntawv)Ib hom fiber ntau (SMF), 2km-10km - Cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv sib txuas ntawm cov khib nyiab / DCI.
FR (Fiber Ncav)SMF, 10km-40km - Kev sib txuas hauv nroog.
LR (Ntev Ntev)SMF, 40km-80km - Cov tes hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm Telecom.
ER/ZR (Kev Ncav Ntev)SMF, 80km-120km - Kev sib txuas lus ntev / DWDM tes hauj lwm.

Cov Xwm Txheej Tseem Ceeb ntawm Cov Khoos Phis Tawj Optical Modules

Cov khoom siv kho qhov muag yog lub hauv paus ntawm yuav luag txhua qhov kev sib txuas lus ceev ceev, nrog rau peb qhov chaw thov tseem ceeb uas tsav 90% ntawm kev thov thoob ntiaj teb.

1. AI & Hyperscale Data Centers (Kev Lag Luam Loj Hlob Sai Tshaj Plaws)

Cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv suav rau 70%+ ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag, nrog rau AI clusters ua lub cav loj hlob tseem ceeb. Cov neeg rau zaub mov AI niaj hnub xav tau 8-16 x 800G optical modules txhua tus los txuas ntau txhiab tus GPU rau kev cob qhia / kev xaus ntawm tus qauv loj. Cov ntaub ntawv siv tseem ceeb:

Kev Sib Txuas Lus Hauv Chaw Data Center (DCI)400G/800G QSFP-DD/OSFP modules rau GPU-rau-GPU thiab server-rau-switch links.
Kev Sib Txuas Lus ntawm Chaw Data Center100G/200G LR/FR modules rau cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv uas tau faib tawm hauv thaj chaw.
Kev suav huabCov modules SFP28/QSFP28 uas muaj qhov ceev siab txhawb nqa kev ua virtualization, cov ntaub ntawv loj, thiab cov ntawv thov SaaS.

2. Kev Sib Txuas Lus Hauv Xov Tooj (5G/FTTH/Backbone)

Cov neeg teb xov tooj yog cov neeg yuav khoom thib ob loj tshaj plaws, xa cov khoom siv optical thoob plaws 5G thiab fiber broadband infrastructure:

5G Fronthaul/Midhaul/Backhaul25G/50G SFP28 (fronthaul), 100G/200G QSFP28 (nruab nrab/rov qab) modules txuas cov chaw nres tsheb rau cov tes hauj lwm tseem ceeb.
FTTH (Fiber rau Lub Tsev)Cov modules 1G/10G SFP GPON/XGS-PON xa cov fiber broadband ceev ceev rau cov neeg siv hauv tsev thiab cov lag luam.
Cov Kev Sib Txuas Lus Ntev100G/400G coherent optical modules (DCO/ACO) rau kev sib txuas ntawm transcontinental fiber.

3. Kev Lag Luam thiab Kev Lag Luam Network

Cov khoom siv kho qhov muag ua rau muaj kev sib txuas lus zoo thiab ceev ceev rau cov lag luam thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam:

Kev Lag Luam LAN/WAN1G/10G SFP/SFP+ modules rau cov tes hauj lwm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, kev sib txuas ntawm chaw ua haujlwm, thiab kev sib txuas VPN.
Kev Lag Luam IoT (IIoT)Cov SFP modules uas tau kho kom ruaj khov rau qib kev lag luam (-40 ℃ txog 85 ℃) rau kev siv tshuab hauv Hoobkas, kev tsim khoom ntse, thiab kev sib txuas lus ntawm lub zog fais fab.
Kev Saib Xyuas Video & Cov Nroog Ntse10G/25G optical modules txuas cov koob yees duab siab txhais, cov sensors tsheb khiav, thiab cov khoom siv hauv nroog ntse.

Cov Txuj Ci Tseem Ceeb Tsim Cov Modules Optical Niaj Hnub

Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag yog tsav los ntawm tsib qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tshuab thev naus laus zis: kev ceev dua, zog tsawg dua, me dua, tus nqi qis dua, thiab kev ntseeg siab dua. Hauv qab no yog cov thev naus laus zis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws:

1. Cov Hom Ntawv Modulation Siab Tshaj Plaws

NRZ (Tsis Rov Qab Mus Rau Xoom)Kev hloov kho 1G-25G qub, yooj yim thiab pheej yig.
PAM4 (4-Qib Pulse Amplitude Modulation): Tseem ceeb rau 50G-800G modules, ob npaug bandwidth piv rau NRZ los ntawm kev encoding 2 bits ib lub cim.
Kev Hloov Kho Kom Sib Xws (QPSK / QAM)Siv rau hauv 100G+ cov modules ntev, ua rau muaj kev sib kis tau ntev heev nrog kev ua haujlwm spectral siab.

2. Silicon Photonics (SiPh)

Silicon photonics hloov cov lasers semiconductor III-V ib txwm muaj nrog cov khoom siv optical uas ua los ntawm silicon, ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo dua. Kev tsim khoom loj uas sib xws nrog CMOS, tus nqi qis dua, thiab kev sib koom ua ke zoo duaSiPh yog lub hauv paus ntawm 400G/800G modules, txo kev siv hluav taws xob los ntawm 30-50% piv rau cov qauv tsim ib txwm muaj.

3. Kev Siv Tshuab DSP & LPO/NPO

DSP (Cov Txheej Txheem Teeb Liab Digital)Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev kho qhov yuam kev, kev ua kom lub teeb liab loj dua, thiab kev hloov kho / demodulation rau hauv ib lub chip, tseem ceeb rau 400G + modules.
LPO (Linear Pluggable Optics)/NPO (Ze-Pluggable Optics)Kev tsim qauv yooj yim uas tsis siv DSP rau 800G cov modules chaw khaws ntaub ntawv, txo cov nqi thiab kev siv hluav taws xob.

4. CPO (Cov Khoom Siv Kho Qhov Muag Ua Ke)

CPO txuas cov optical module ncaj qha nrog lub switch ASIC, tshem tawm cov interfaces hluav taws xob uas siv hluav taws xob ntau. Lub hom phiaj rau 1.6T+ AI data centers, CPO txo kev siv hluav taws xob los ntawm 50% thiab ua rau qhov chaw nres nkoj ceev dua los ntawm 3x piv rau cov modules pluggable.

Kev Lag Luam Thoob Ntiaj Teb Optical Module: Qhov Loj, Cov Qauv & Cov Neeg Ua Si Tseem Ceeb

Qhov Loj thiab Kev Loj Hlob ntawm Kev Lag Luam

Kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb optical module tau mus txog $23 billion hauv xyoo 2025, loj hlob ntawm 50% YoY, tsav los ntawm kev thov AI data center. Cov kev kwv yees tseem ceeb:

2026 xyooKev xa khoom ntawm 800G module yuav tshaj 10 lab units; qhov loj ntawm kev ua lag luam yuav ncav cuag $ 30 billion.
2027Kev ua lag luam thoob ntiaj teb yuav tshaj $ 200 billion, nrog rau cov modules uas tsav los ntawm AI suav txog 70% ntawm cov nyiaj tau los.

Kev Lag Luam Hauv Cheeb Tsam (GEO Optimization Focus)

Tebchaws Asmeskas Qaum TebCov chaw muab kev pabcuam huab hyperscale (AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud) tswj hwm - 60% ntawm kev thov thoob ntiaj teb 800G module.
Tuam TshojLub hauv paus tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb (50%+ kev tsim khoom thoob ntiaj teb), nrog rau kev thov hauv tsev muaj zog los ntawm 5G thiab AI cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv.
Tebchaws EuropeKev loj hlob nruab nrab, tsom mus rau kev xa tawm 5G thiab kev txhim kho network ntawm cov tuam txhab.
Asia-Pacific (tsis suav Tuam Tshoj)Kev thov roj los ntawm Kaus Lim Qab Teb, Nyiv Pooj, thiab Sab Qab Teb Hnub Tuaj Asia - FTTH thiab 5G nthuav dav xav tau.

Cov Neeg Ua Si Tseem Ceeb Thoob Ntiaj Teb

Cov Chaw Tsim Khoom Ua NtejCov khoom siv: Huawei, ZTE, Infinera, Ciena, Cisco, Juniper, H3C, Fiberhome.
Cov Neeg Muag Khoom Tshwj Xeeb Module: Finisar (tau los ntawm II-VI), Lumentum, NeoPhotonics, Accelink, Hisense Broadband.
Cov Neeg Muag Khoom Hauv Suav TebMuaj zog hauv cov modules qis / nruab nrab ceev; ntes tau hauv 400G / 800G nrog silicon photonics thiab DSP kev nqis peev.

Yav Tom Ntej Lub Zeem Muag ntawm Optical Modules

Kev lag luam optical module tab tom nkag mus rau theem hloov pauv, uas tau tsim los ntawm AI, 5G, thiab cov thev naus laus zis telecom tiam tom ntej. Cov qauv tseem ceeb yav tom ntej suav nrog:

1. Kev Hloov Pauv Ceev: 1.6T & Tshaj

800G modules yuav dhau los ua mainstream hauv xyoo 2026, nrog rau 1.6T CPO modules nkag mus rau hauv kev tsim khoom loj los ntawm xyoo 2027. 3.2T modules twb nyob hauv R&D, tsom mus rau 2030 AI supercomputers.

2. Cov Khoom Siv Silicon Photonics Uas Muaj Nyob Hauv Txhua Qhov Chaw

Silicon photonics yuav tswj hwm 400G+ modules, nrog rau 90% ntawm kev xa khoom ceev ceev siv SiPh los ntawm 2028. Qhov no yuav tsav kev txo nqi ntau, ua rau cov modules ceev ceev nkag tau rau cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv nruab nrab.

3. CPO & Cov Kev Sib Txuas Lus Sib Cais

CPO yuav hloov cov modules pluggable hauv cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv AI siab, thaum cov tes hauj lwm optical sib cais (kev sib cais cov khoom siv kho vajtse thiab software) yuav ua rau muaj kev ywj pheej ntau dua thiab tsim kho vaj tse hauv kev sib txuas lus uas pheej yig dua.

4. Cov Qauv Ntsuab & Siv Hluav Taws Xob Tau Zoo

Kev siv hluav taws xob yuav dhau los ua qhov ntsuas sib tw tseem ceeb, nrog rau cov modules tiam tom ntej tsom mus rau (txo 50% piv rau cov qauv tam sim no). Qhov no sib haum nrog lub hom phiaj thoob ntiaj teb kev ruaj khov thiab txo cov nqi ua haujlwm ntawm chaw khaws ntaub ntawv.

5. Kev Tsim Qauv & Kev Sib Koom Tes Thoob Ntiaj Teb

Cov qauv kev lag luam (MSA, IEEE, OIF) yuav hloov pauv sai sai los txhawb nqa 1.6T / 3.2T modules, ua kom muaj kev sib koom tes ntawm cov neeg muag khoom thiab txo qhov nyuaj ntawm kev xa tawm rau cov neeg teb xov tooj thoob ntiaj teb.

Xaus Lus: Cov Modules Optical - Lub Cav Tsis Pom Kev ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Digital

Cov khoom siv kho qhov muag tsis yog tsuas yog "cov khoom sib txuas lus" xwb - lawv yog cov lub cav tsis pom kev txhawb nqa lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam digital. Txij li cov pawg cob qhia AI hauv North America mus rau 5G chaw nres tsheb hauv thaj chaw deb nroog Suav teb, los ntawm cov tes hauj lwm hauv Tebchaws Europe mus rau kev sib txuas FTTH hauv Southeast Asia, cov modules optical ua rau muaj kev sib txuas lus ceev ceev uas txhais tau tias lub neej niaj hnub.

Raws li AI, kev suav huab, thiab 5G txuas ntxiv hloov zuj zus, cov khoom siv optical yuav tseem nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab hauv thev naus laus zis, tsav tsheb ceev dua, siv hluav taws xob tsawg dua, thiab cov nqi qis dua. Rau cov lag luam, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv network, thiab cov neeg nyiam thev naus laus zis, kev nkag siab txog cov khoom siv optical yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog yav tom ntej ntawm kev sib txuas lus - thiab lub ntiaj teb digital tag nrho.

Tiv Tauj Peb, Tau Txais Cov Khoom Zoo thiab Kev Pabcuam Zoo.

Kawm ntxiv

Xov xwm ntawm BLOG

Cov Ntaub Ntawv Txog Kev Lag Luam

Fiber Optic Cable kav ntev npaum li cas?

nyeem ntxiv

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Cov xov hlau fiber optic tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov tes hauj lwm sib txuas lus niaj hnub no, txhawb nqa internet ceev ceev, kev sib txuas lus, cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv, 5G infrastructure, kev lag luam automation, thiab cov nroog ntse. Piv nrog cov xov hlau tooj liab ib txwm muaj, cov xov hlau fiber optic muab bandwidth siab dua, poob teeb liab qis dua, kev sib kis ntev dua, thiab tiv taus electromagnetic cuam tshuam zoo dua.

Yuav ua li cas xaiv cov Fiber Patch Cable zoo?

nyeem ntxiv

2026-07-17

Hauv cov tes hauj lwm sib txuas lus ceev ceev niaj hnub no, fiber thaj qaum tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev txuas cov khoom siv kho qhov muag, cov khoom siv network, thiab cov kab ke faib fiber. Los ntawm cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv thiab cov tes hauj lwm sib txuas lus mus rau FTTH (Fiber to the Home) kev xa tawm thiab cov kab ke sib txuas lus hauv tuam txhab, cov xov hlau fiber patch muab kev sib txuas optical txhim khu kev qha, kev ua tau zoo.

Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog G.657.A1, G.657.A2 thiab G.657.B3

nyeem ntxiv

2026-07-13

Nrog rau kev xa tawm loj ntawm FTTH Fiber mus rau Tsev, AI computing data centers, 5G fronthaul, kev sib txuas lus hauv tsev, FPV drone miniature kev sib txuas lus thiab kev tsim kho tshiab tam sim no tsis muaj zog thoob ntiaj teb, cov fiber G.652D ib hom fiber ib txwm muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev poob khoov loj heev thiab qhov chaw txwv ntawm cov xov hlau, uas txwv tsis pub muaj kev teeb tsa ntawm cov tes hauj lwm sib txuas lus ceev ceev. Tsim los ntawm ITU-T, G.657 series khoov-insensitive ib hom fiber yog tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov ces kaum nqaim, cov xov hlau ntom ntom thiab cov xwm txheej micro-pipeline. Peb qib khoom tseem ceeb, G.657.A1 tus qauv khoov-resistant fiber, G.657.A2 txhim kho khoov-resistant fiber thiab G.657.B3 ultra-bend-insensitive fiber, txais yuav cov qauv sib txawv ntawm trench-assisted refractive index, thiab nthuav qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus khoov radius, hom teb txoj kab uas hla thiab kev ua haujlwm attenuation. Lawv npog tag nrho cov kev xav tau los ntawm kev lag luam hauv tsev neeg hluav taws xob mus rau ultra-compact tshwj xeeb hlau.