Sesotho
English Spanish French Indonesian Russian Turkish Portuguese Filipino German Arabic Afrikaans Irish Greek Italian Danish Romanian Czech Swedish Polish Basque Catalan Esperanto Hindi Lao Albanian Amharic Armenian Azerbaijani Belarusian Bengali Bosnian Bulgarian Cebuano Chichewa Japanese Korean Corsican Croatian Dutch Estonian Finnish Frisian Galician Georgian Gujarati Haitian Hausa Chinese Simplified Hawaiian Hebrew Hmong Hungarian Icelandic Chinese Traditional Igbo Javanese Kannada Kazakh Khmer Kurdish Kyrgyz Latin Latvian Lithuanian Luxembou.. Macedonian Malagasy Malay Malayalam Maltese Maori Marathi Mongolian Burmese Nepali Norwegian Pashto Persian Punjabi Serbian Sesotho Sinhala Slovak Slovenian Somali Samoan Scots Gaelic Shona Sindhi Sundanese Swahili Tajik Tamil Telugu Thai Ukrainian Urdu Uzbek Vietnamese Welsh Xhosa Yiddish Yoruba Zulu Kinyarwanda Tatar Oriya Turkmen Uyghur

Leave Your Message

Li-module tsa Optical: Mokokotlo oa Marangrang a Puisano a Lebelo le Phahameng a Sejoale-joale

2026-05-07
Mehleng ena ea dijithale, moo sephethephethe sa data se imenang habeli lilemo tse ling le tse ling tse peli 'me AI, cloud computing, le theknoloji ea 5G li khanna tlhoko e kholo ea bandwidth, dimmojule tsa optical ba hlahile e le bahale ba sa rorisoang ba meralo ea motheo ea puisano ea lefats'e. Lisebelisoa tsena tse nyane, tse nepahetseng haholo li sebetsa e le borokho ba bohlokoa lipakeng tsa matšoao a motlakase le a optical, tse nolofalletsang phetiso ea data e potlakileng haholo, e hole haholo e matlafatsang litsi tsa data tsa sejoale-joale, marang-rang a puisano le litsamaiso tsa likhoebo. Sengoloa sena se hlahloba li-module tsa optical ho tsoa likarolong tse fapaneng—tlhaloso, melao-motheo ea ts'ebetso, mefuta, lits'ebetso, mahlale a bohlokoa, mekhoa ea 'maraka le litebello tsa bokamoso.
di-module tsa optical.jpg

Li-module tsa Optical ke Eng? Tlhaloso le Mosebetsi oa Motheo

An mojule oa optical (transceiver ea optical) ke sesebediswa sa elektroniki se kgonang ho hokela ka ho tjhesa se fetolang matshwao a motlakase hore e be matshwao a optical bakeng sa phetiso hodima faeba ya optical, ebe bafetoledi ba amohela matshwao a optical hore e be matshwao a motlakase. Hangata e bitswa "pelo ya puisano ya optical," e kopanya dikarolo tse makgolo tse nyane—ho kenyeletswa le di-laser, di-photodiode, di-driver chip, dilense tsa optical, le dipotoloho tsa ho sebetsana le matshwao—ho ba sephutheloana se kopaneng, se tloaelehileng.
Boleng ba mantlha ba di-module tsa optical bo ho rarolla mefokolo ya motheo ya phetiso ya motlakase e thehilweng koporong: ho fokotsoa ha lets'oao, tšitiso ea motlakase (EMI), le lithibelo tsa bandwidthLeha dithapo tsa koporo di thatafallwa ke sebaka se fetang dimithara tse 100 le sekgahla se phahameng sa data, di-module tsa optical di sebedisa melemo e ikgethang ya fiber optics—tahlehelo e tlase (0.2dB/km), bandwidth e phahameng haholo (>50THz), le tšireletso ea EMI—ho fetisa data ho feta dikhilomithara tse makgolo ka lebelo le fihlang ho terabits ka motsotsoana (Tbps).

Likarolo tsa Bohlokoa tsa Li-module tsa Optical

Ho utloisisa ts'ebetso ea tsona, ho bohlokoa ho arola lihlopha tse nyane tsa bohlokoa:
  1. Kopano e Tlase ea Optical ea Transmitter (TOSA): E fetolela matshwao a motlakase ho matshwao a optical ho sebedisa di-laser (DFB, EML, kapa VCSEL).
  2. Kopano e Nyenyane ea Optical ea Moamoheli (ROSA): E fetolela matshwao a kenang a optical ho matshwao a motlakase ka di-photodiode (PIN/APD).
  3. Li-Chip tsa Mokhanni le DSP: Holisa matšoao a motlakase, fetola tlhahiso ea laser, 'me u sebetse data e amohetsoeng bakeng sa ho lokisa liphoso.
  4. Sebopeho sa Optical: E hokela ho dithapo tsa faeba (dihokelo tsa LC, SC, MPO) bakeng sa phetiso ya letshwao.
  5. Taolo le Tlhokomelo ea Potoloho: E nolofalletsa ho latela mocheso, motlakase, le matla a optical ka nako ea sebele (DDM/DDMI) bakeng sa ts'epo.

Kamoo Li-module tsa Optical li Sebetsang Kateng: Potoloho ea Phetoho ea "Motlakase-Optical-Motlakase"

Ts'ebetso ea li-module tsa optical e latela mokhoa o bonolo empa o rarahaneng EOE (Motlakase-Optical-Motlakase) mokhoa oa ts'ebetso, o arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e meraro ea bohlokoa:

1. Phetisetso (Phetoho ea EO)

Matshwao a data a motlakase (0 le 1s) a tswang ho di-server, di-switch, kapa di-router a romelwa ho chip ya mokhanni wa module ya optical. Chip e fetola laser ya semiconductor (mohlala, DFB bakeng sa faeba ya mokgwa o le mong, VCSEL bakeng sa faeba ya mokgwa o mongata) ho ntsha di-pulse tsa lesedi tse tsamaellanang le matshwao a motlakase. Di-pulse tsena tsa lesedi ebe di kenngwa ka hara faeba ya optical bakeng sa phetiso.

2. Phetiso ea Faeba

Letšoao la optical le tsamaea ka har'a setsi sa faeba ka tahlehelo e nyane haholo 'me ha ho na EMI. Faeba ea mokhoa o le mong (SMF) e tšehetsa phetiso ea sebaka se selelele (ho fihlela ho 120km bakeng sa telecom), ha faeba ea mekhoa e mengata (MMF) e sebelisoa bakeng sa likhokahano tsa setsi sa data se fihlang kapele (100m-2km).

3. Kamohelo (Phetoho ea OE)

Sebakeng seo ho yang ho sona, ROSA ya mojule wa optical e amohela di-pulse tsa lesedi. Photodiode e fetola letshwao la optical hore e be letshwao la motlakase, leo ebe le atoloswa, le hlwekiswa, mme le sebetswa ke chip ya DSP ho fumana data ya pele. Letshwao la motlakase qetellong le romelwa sesebediswa se amohelang (seva, router, jj.).
Phetoho ena e se nang sekoli ea EOE e nolofalletsa data ho tsamaea ho lebelo la leseli ka marangrang a faeba, e leng se etsang hore di-module tsa optical e be tsa bohlokwa bakeng sa puisano e potlakileng.

Mefuta ea Li-module tsa Optical: Tlhophiso ka Lebelo, Ntlha ea Sebopeho, le Ts'ebeliso

Li-module tsa optical li tla ka mefuta e mengata ea litlhaloso, tse arotsoeng ka lihlopha tse 'maloa. sekgahla sa data, ntlha ya foromo (mofuta wa sephutheloana), sebaka sa phetisetso, le mofuta wa faeba. Ka tlase ke mefuta e tloaelehileng haholo, e ntlafalitsoeng bakeng sa mantsoe a bohlokoa a SEO joalo ka "module ea SFP," "transceiver ea QSFP28," le "module ea optical ea 800G."

1. Ka Sekhahla sa Data (Lebelo)

  • Lebelo le Tlase (1G/10G): SFP (1.25G), SFP+ (10G) – E hodile, e theko e tlase, e sebediswa marangrang a dikgwebo, FTTH, le dikarolo tsa phihlello ya 5G.
  • Lebelo le Bohareng (25G/40G/100G): SFP28 (25G), QSFP+ (40G), QSFP28 (100G) – E hlahelletseng litsing tsa data (40G/100G) le marangrang a 5G a mahareng a tsamaiso (25G).
  • Lebelo le Phahameng (200G/400G/800G): QSFP-DD (200G/400G), OSFP (400G/800G) – Li-staple tsa setsi sa data sa AI, tse tšehetsang ho bokellana ha GPU le mesebetsi ea maru a nang le bongata bo boholo.
  • Lebelo le Phahameng ka ho Fetisisa (1.6T+): Dimojule tsa CPO tsa moloko o latelang (Co-packaged Optics) – E ntse e ntshetswa pele bakeng sa 2026+, e shebane le dikhomphutha tse kgolo tsa AI le ditsi tsa data tse kgolo haholo.

2. Ka Foromo ea Ntlha (Mofuta oa Sephutheloana)

Lintlha tsa sebopeho li hlalosa boholo ba mojule, bongata ba kou, le ho lumellana le lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang (li-switch, li-router). Maemo a bohlokoa a kenyelletsa:
  • SFP/SFP+: E nyane, e ka plugwang ka mocheso, e nang le dikou tse ngata – E sebediswa haholo bakeng sa ditshebediso tsa 1G-10G.
  • QSFP+/QSFP28: Likou tse 'ne, tse nyane – 40G/100G lipere tse sebetsang setsing sa data.
  • QSFP-DD/OSFP: Di-module tse nang le boima bo habeli, matla a phahameng – 400G/800G tse ntlafaditsweng ka AI.
  • CFP/CFP2: Dimojule tsa telecom tsa 100G/200G tse kgolo, tse matla haholo – tsa Legacy.

3. Ka Sebaka sa Phetiso le Mofuta oa Faeba

  • SR (Ho Finyella Hakhutšoanyane): Faeba ya maemo a mangata (MMF), 100m-2km – Dikgokelo tsa kahare ho rack ya setsi sa data.
  • DR (Setsi sa Boitsebiso sa ho Finyella): Faeba ya mokgwa o le mong (SMF), 2km-10km – Dihokelo tsa setsi sa data pakeng tsa rack/DCI.
  • FR (Fiber Reach): SMF, 10km-40km – Dikgokelo tsa marangrang a Metro.
  • LR (Ho Finyella Nako e Telele): SMF, 40km-80km – Marangrang a mantlha a Telecom.
  • ER/ZR (Ho fihlella ho Atolositsoeng): SMF, 80km-120km – Marangrang a telecom/DWDM a tsamayang nako e telele.

Maemo a Bohlokoa a Ts'ebeliso ea Li-module tsa Optical

Dimmojule tsa optical di tshehetsa hoo e ka bang meralo yohle ya motheo ya puisano e potlakileng, ka di-domain tse tharo tse ka sehloohong tsa tshebediso tse kgannang 90% ya tlhoko ya lefatshe.

1. Litsi tsa AI le Hyperscale Data ('Maraka o Holang ka Potlako)

Litsi tsa data li ikarabella bakeng sa 70%+ ea tlhoko ea module ea optical, ka lihlopha tsa AI e le enjene ea mantlha ea kholo. Li-server tsa sejoale-joale tsa AI lia hloka Li-module tsa mahlo tsa 8-16 x 800G e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ho hokahanya li-GPU tse likete bakeng sa koetliso/tlhahlobo e kholo ea mohlala. Mehlala ea bohlokoa ea ts'ebeliso:
  • Khokahano ea Setsi sa Lintlha tsa Ka Hare (DCI): Di-module tsa 400G/800G QSFP-DD/OSFP bakeng sa dihokelo tsa GPU-ho-GPU le seva-ho-switjha.
  • Khokahano ea Setsi sa Dintlha tse Kopaneng: Dimojule tsa 100G/200G LR/FR bakeng sa dihlopha tsa ditsi tsa data tse ajoang sebakeng seo.
  • Khomphutha ea Leru: Dimojule tsa SFP28/QSFP28 tse nang le bongata bo phahameng tse tshehetsang ho etsa hore data e be ya sebele, le ditshebediso tsa SaaS.

2. Marangrang a Telecom (5G/FTTH/Backbone)

Basebetsi ba mehala ea thekeng ke bareki ba bobeli ba kholo ka ho fetisisa, ba sebelisa li-module tsa optical ho pholletsa le meralo ea motheo ea 5G le fiber broadband:
  • 5G Fronthaul/Midhaul/Backhaul: 25G/50G SFP28 (fronthaul), 100G/200G QSFP28 (mid/backhaul) dimojule tse hokahanyang diteishene tsa motheo le marangrang a mantlha.
  • FTTH (Faeba ho ea Lapeng): Dimojule tsa 1G/10G SFP GPON/XGS-PON tse fanang ka broadband ya faeba e potlakileng ho basebedisi ba matlo le ba kgwebo.
  • Marangrang a Marang-rang a Mokokotlo o Molelele: 100G/400G coherent optical modules (DCO/ACO) bakeng sa lihokelo tsa faeba tse fetang kontinenteng.

3. Marangrang a Likhoebo le Liindasteri

Di-module tsa optical di nolofalletsa kgokelo e tshepahalang le e potlakileng bakeng sa dikgwebo le ditikoloho tsa diindasteri:
  • LAN/WAN ea Khoebo: Di-module tsa 1G/10G SFP/SFP+ bakeng sa marangrang a khamphase, dikgokelo tsa ofisi ya lekala, le dihokelo tsa VPN.
  • IoT ea Liindasteri (IIoT): Di-module tsa SFP tsa maemo a indasteri tse thatafaditsweng (-40℃ ho isa ho 85℃) bakeng sa boiketsetso ba fektheri, tlhahiso e bohlale, le puisano ya gridi ya motlakase.
  • Tlhokomelo ea Video le Metse e Bohlale: Dimojule tsa optical tsa 10G/25G tse hokahanyang dikhamera tse nang le tlhaloso e hodimo, disensara tsa sephethephethe, le meralo ya motheo e bohlale ya toropo.

Litheknoloji tsa Core li Bopa Li-module tsa Optical tsa Sejoale-joale

Tsoelo-pele ea li-module tsa optical e tsamaisoa ke mekhoa e mehlano ea bohlokoa ea theknoloji: lebelo le phahameng, matla a tlase, boholo bo bonyenyane, litšenyehelo tse tlase, le ts'epo e phahameng. Ka tlase ke mahlale a nang le tšusumetso e kholo:

1. Mekhoa e Tsoetseng Pele ea ho Fetola Molumo

  • NRZ (Ha e Khutlele ho Lefela): Mokgwa wa ho fetola 1G-25G wa Legacy, o bonolo ebile o theko e tlase.
  • PAM4 (Ho Fetola Matla a Pulse a Maemo a 4): E busang bakeng sa di-module tsa 50G-800G, e mena bandwidth habeli khahlanong le NRZ ka ho kenya di-bit tse 2 ka letshwao.
  • Phetoho e Kopanetsoeng (QPSK/QAM): E sebelisoa ho li-module tsa 100G+ tsa ho hula nako e telele, e nolofalletsa libaka tsa phetisetso tse telele haholo ka katleho e phahameng ea spectral.

2. Silicon Photonics (SiPh)

Silicon photonics e nkela di-laser tsa semiconductor tsa III-V sebaka ka dikarolo tsa optical tse thehilweng ho silicon sebaka, e leng se nolofalletsang Tlhahiso e ngata e lumellanang le CMOS, litšenyehelo tse tlase, le kopanyo e phahamengSiPh ke motheo oa li-module tsa 400G/800G, tse fokotsang tšebeliso ea matla ka 30-50% ha li bapisoa le meralo ea setso.

3. Theknoloji ea DSP le LPO/NPO

  • DSP (Sesebelisoa sa Pontšo sa Dijithale): E kopanya tokiso ea liphoso, ho holisa lets'oao, le ho fetola/ho fetola modulation ho chip e le 'ngoe, e leng ea bohlokoa bakeng sa li-module tsa 400G+.
  • LPO (Linear Pluggable Optics)/NPO (Near-Pluggable Optics): Meralo e nolofalitsoeng e se nang DSP bakeng sa di-module tsa setsi sa data sa 800G, e fokotsang ditjeo le tshebediso ya matla.

4. CPO (Optics e Pakiloeng Hantle)

CPO e kopanya mojule wa optical ka ho toba le switch ya ASIC, e fedisa di-interface tsa motlakase tse lapelang motlakase. Kaha e reretswe ditsi tsa data tsa 1.6T+ AI, CPO e fokotsa tshebediso ya motlakase ka 50% mme e eketsa bongata ba di-port ka di-module tse ka plugwang ka makhetlo a 3x ho feta tse ka plugwang.

'Maraka oa Lefatše oa Module oa Optical: Boholo, Mekhoa le Libapali tsa Bohlokoa

Boholo ba 'Maraka le Kholo

'Maraka oa lefats'e oa module ea optical o fihlile Lidolara tse limilione tse likete tse 23 ka 2025, e hola ka 50% selemo, e susumetsoa ke tlhoko ea setsi sa data sa AI. Likhakanyo tsa bohlokoa:
  • 2026: Thomello ea li-module tsa 800G e tla feta li-unit tse limilione tse 10; boholo ba 'maraka bo tla fihla ho $30 bilione.
  • 2027: 'Maraka oa lefats'e o tla feta $200 bilione, ka li-module tse tsamaisoang ke AI tse etsang 70% ea chelete e kenang.

Matla a 'Maraka oa Libaka (Tsepamiso ea GEO)

  • amerika e leboea: E laoloa ke bafani ba maru a maholo (AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud) – 60% ea tlhoko ea module ea 800G lefatšeng ka bophara.
  • Chaena: Setsi se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa tlhahiso lefatšeng (50% ho feta tlhahiso ea lefats'e), ka tlhoko e matla ea lehae ho tsoa litsing tsa data tsa 5G le AI.
  • Yuropa: Kgolo e mahareng, e shebaneng le ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha 5G le ntlafatso ya marangrang a dikgwebo.
  • Asia-Pacific (ntle le Chaena): E kgannwang ke Korea Borwa, Japane, le Asia Borwa-botjhabela – tlhokeho ya peterole ya katoloso ya FTTH le 5G.

Libapali tsa Bohlokoa Lefatšeng ka Bophara

  • Bahlahisi ba ka Sehloohong: Huawei, ZTE, Infinera, Ciena, Cisco, Juniper, H3C, Fiberhome.
  • Barekisi ba Module ba Ikhethileng: Finisar (e fumanoe ke II-VI), Lumentum, NeoPhotonics, Accelink, Hisense Broadband.
  • Bafepedi ba Thehiloeng Chaena: E matla ka di-module tse tlase/tse mahareng; e fihlella 400G/800G ka di-photonic tsa silicon le matsete a DSP.

Litebello tsa Bokamoso tsa Li-module tsa Optical

Indasteri ea module ea optical e kena mohatong oa phetoho, e bōpiloeng ke theknoloji ea puisano ea AI, 5G, le moloko o latelang. Mekhoa ea bohlokoa ea bokamoso e kenyelletsa:

1. Phetoho ea Lebelo: 1.6T le ho Feta

Li-module tsa 800G li tla qala ho sebelisoa ka 2026, ka Li-module tsa CPO tsa 1.6T ho kena tlhahisong e kgolo ka 2027. Di-module tsa 3.2T di se di ntse di le ho R&D, di shebane le dikhomphutha tse kgolo tsa AI tsa 2030.

2. Lifotoniki tsa Silicon tse Bongata ka ho Fetisisa

Lifotoniki tsa silicon li tla laola li-module tsa 400G+, ka 90% ea thepa e romelloang ka lebelo le phahameng e sebelisang SiPh ka 2028. Sena se tla fokotsa litšenyehelo haholo, se etse hore li-module tsa lebelo le phahameng li fumanehe litsing tsa data tse mahareng.

3. Marangrang a CPO le a Arohantsoeng

CPO e tla nkela di-module tse ka plugable sebakeng sa ditsi tsa data tsa AI tse nang le bongata bo boholo, ha e ntse e le marangrang a optical a arohaneng (ho arola hardware le software) ho tla nolofalletsa meralo ea motheo ea mehala ea puisano e tenyetsehang haholoanyane le e theko e tlaase.

4. Meralo e Tala le e Bolokang Matla

Tšebeliso ea motlakase e tla ba tekanyo ea bohlokoa ea tlholisano, 'me li-module tsa moloko o latelang li shebane le tsona. (Phokotso ea 50% ha e bapisoa le mehlala ea hona joale). Sena se tsamaisana le lipheo tsa botsitso ba lefats'e mme se fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa ts'ebetso ea setsi sa data.

5. Maemo le Tšebelisano-'moho ea Lefatše

Litekanyetso tsa indasteri (MSA, IEEE, OIF) li tla fetoha ka potlako ho tšehetsa li-module tsa 1.6T/3.2T, ho netefatsa hore barekisi ba sebelisana 'moho le ho fokotsa mathata a ho kenngoa ha lisebelisoa bakeng sa basebetsi ba marang-rang ba lefats'e.

Qetello: Dimojule tsa Optical – Enjene e sa Bonahaleng ya Lefatshe la Dijithale

Dimmojule tsa optical ha se feela "dikarolo tsa puisano"—ke tsona enjene e sa bonahaleng ho matlafatsa moruo oa dijithale oa lefats'e. Ho tloha lihlopha tsa koetliso ea AI Amerika Leboea ho ea liteisheneng tsa motheo tsa 5G libakeng tsa mahaeng tsa Chaena, ho tloha marang-rang a likhoebo Europe ho ea ho likhokahano tsa FTTH Asia Boroa-bochabela, li-module tsa optical li nolofalletsa phallo ea data e se nang sekoli, e potlakileng e hlalosang bophelo ba sejoale-joale.
Ha AI, cloud computing, le 5G li ntse li tsoela pele ho fetoha, li-module tsa optical li tla lula li le ka pele ho boqapi ba theknoloji, li khanna lebelo le phahameng, tšebeliso e tlase ea matla, le litšenyehelo tse tlase. Bakeng sa likhoebo, basebetsi ba marang-rang, le barati ba theknoloji, ho utloisisa li-module tsa optical ke senotlolo sa ho utloisisa bokamoso ba puisano - le lefats'e la dijithale ka kakaretso.

Ikopanye le Rona, Fumana Lihlahisoa tsa Boleng le Tšebeletso e Elang Hloko.

Ithute haholoanyane

Litaba tsa BLOG

Tlhahisoleseding ea Indasteri
E se nang sehlooho - Kopi e le 1 ea eqo

Cable ea Fiber Optic e Nka Nako e Kae?

bala haholoanyane
2026-07-21

Thapo ea optic ea fiber e fetohile mokokotlo oa marang-rang a puisano a sejoale-joale, a tšehetsang inthanete e potlakileng haholo, likhokahano tsa mohala, litsi tsa data, meralo ea motheo ea 5G, boiketsetso ba indasteri le metse e bohlale. Ha e bapisoa le lithapo tsa koporo tsa setso, lithapo tsa optic ea fiber li fana ka bandwidth e phahameng, tahlehelo e tlase ea lets'oao, libaka tse telele tsa phetisetso, le khanyetso e betere ea tšitiso ea motlakase.

Mokhoa oa ho Khetha Cable e Nepahetseng ea Fiber Patch?

bala haholoanyane
2026-07-17

Marangrang a puisano a lebelo le phahameng a kajeno, thapo ea phanele ea faeba e se e le e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa ho hokahanya lisebelisoa tsa optical, lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang, le litsamaiso tsa kabo ea faeba. Ho tloha litsing tsa data le marang-rang a puisano ho ea ho lisebelisoa tsa FTTH (Fiber to the Home) le litsamaiso tsa puisano tsa khoebo, lithapo tsa fiber patch li fana ka likhokahano tse tšepahalang le tse sebetsang hantle tsa optical.

Tlhahlobo e Felletseng ea G.657.A1, G.657.A2 le G.657.B3

bala haholoanyane
2026-07-13

Ka ho kenngoa ha FTTH Fiber ka bongata bo boholo ho ea Lehae, litsi tsa data tsa k'homphieutha ea AI, 5G fronthaul, terata e felletseng ea ka tlung, puisano e nyane ea FPV drone le ntlafatso ea hona joale e fokolang lefatšeng ka bophara, fiber ea setso ea G.652D e hlasetsoe ke tahlehelo e matla ea ho kobeha le sebaka se fokolang sa terata, e leng se thibelang ka botebo sebopeho sa marang-rang a puisano a lebelo le phahameng. E hlophisitsoe ke ITU-T, fiber ea mofuta o le mong ea G.657 e sa utloeng bohloko e ntlafalitsoe ka ho khetheha bakeng sa likhutlo tse tšesaane tsa ho reteleha, terata e teteaneng le maemo a manyane a liphaephe. ​​Lihlopha tse tharo tse kholo tsa lihlahisoa, fiber e tloaelehileng ea G.657.A1 e sa mameleng ho kobeha, fiber e matlafalitsoeng ea G.657.A2 e sa mameleng ho kobeha le fiber e sa mameleng ho kobeha ho holimo ea G.657.B3, li amohela liprofaele tsa index ea refractive e thusitsoeng ke trench, 'me li hlahisa liphapang tse arotsoeng ka lihlopha ho radius e fokolang ea ho kobeha, bophara ba tšimo ea mokhoa le ts'ebetso ea ho fokotseha. Li akaretsa litlhoko tse felletseng ho tloha ho terata ea malapa e theko e tlase ho ea ho terata e khethehileng e kopaneng haholo.