I te ao matihiko, Taura muka whatu​kua noho hei poutokomanawa mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o te ao. Mai i te rere ataata 4K ki te whakakaha i ngā pokapū raraunga AI, ka whakamahia e tēnei hangarau ngā pāorooro māmā hei tuku raraunga i ngā tere whakamiharo i ngā tawhiti roa. Kāore i rite ki ngā taura parahi tuku iho, ka tukuna e ngā muka whatu he whānui ake te whānui, he ātete ki te pokanoa hikohiko, me te haumarutanga pai ake. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei aratohu whānui ngā turanga hangarau, ngā whakarōpūtanga, me ngā tono kanorau o ngā taura muka whatu.

1. Ngā Kaupapa Hangarau me ngā Whakarōpūtanga o te Taura Muka Whatu

Hei mārama ki te maha o ngā whakamahinga o ngā muka whatu, me tirotiro tuatahi tātou i tōna hanganga matua me ōna momo. He mea noa Taura muka whatu​e whā ngā wāhanga matua: te uho (te aho karāhe, te aho kirihou rānei e kawe ana i te mārama), te whakakikorua (e whakaata ana i te mārama ki roto i te uho), te paninga ārai (e tiaki ana i te kino ā-tinana), me te koti o waho (e tiaki ana i te taiao). I runga i te whānui o te uho me te horapa o te mārama, ka whakarōpūtia ngā taura muka ki ngā wāhanga e rua:

• Muka Aratau-Kotahi (SMF):​Me te whaiti o te matua (tata ki te 9 µm), kotahi anake te momo mārama ka taea te horapa e te SMF. Ka whakamahia e ia ngā pūtake taiaho, ā, he pai mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tawhiti, pērā i ngā taura raro moana me ngā tuara o te tāone-ki-te-tāone. He iti te whakaiti o te SMF (tata ki te 0.2 dB/km) ā, ka tautoko i ngā tere tae atu ki te 100Gbps me tua atu. Ko ngā paerewa noa ko te ITU-T G.652 me te G.657.

• Muka Aratau Maha (MMF):He whānui ake te matua (50 µm, 62.5 µm rānei), ā, ka tautoko te MMF i ngā ara mārama maha, kia pai ai mō ngā tono tawhiti-poto pērā i ngā whatunga rohe (LAN) me ngā pokapū raraunga. Ka whakamahia e te MMF ngā pūtake LED, VCSEL rānei, ā, ka whakarōpūtia ki ngā taumata OM1 ki te OM5, me te OM4 me te OM5 e āhei ai te Ethernet 40G/100G i runga i ngā whānuitanga poto ake (tae atu ki te 550 mita mō te OM4).

Hei tāpiritanga, ko ngā muka motuhake pēnei i te muka kore-piko (G.657) ka whakaiti i te ngaronga tohu i ngā pikonga kikī, ko te muka ārai ia ka whakarato i te tiakitanga tāpiri i roto i ngā taiao uaua. Mā te mārama ki ēnei whakarōpūtanga ka āwhina i te whiriwhiri i te taura tika mō ngā hiahia motuhake, kia pai ai te mahi me te whai hua o te utu.

2. Te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero me te Hanganga Ipurangi

Ko te tono tino rongonui o Taura muka whatuKei roto i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, koia te pou tuara o te ipurangi o te ao. Neke atu i te 99% o ngā raraunga o te ao e haere ana mā roto i ngā taura muka whatu o raro i te moana, e hono ana i ngā whenua me te iti o te whakaroa. He maha ngā paparanga tiaki kua hangaia mō ēnei taura, tae atu ki te pukupuku maitai me ngā koti polyethylene, hei tū atu ki ngā pēhanga o te moana hohonu me ngā mea ora o te moana. Hei tauira, ko te taura MAREA e horapa ana i te Moana Ataratiki e whakamahi ana i te SMF matatau hei tuku i te kaha taumata terabit i waenga i a Virginia me Spain.

I ngā tāone nui, ka taea e ngā muka whatu te whakatinana i ngā muka-ki-te-Kāinga (FTTH) me te muka-ki-te-Whare (FTTP), ka whakarato i te ipurangi tere-gigabit ki ngā kaiwhakamahi kāinga me ngā pakihi. He pai ake ki ngā kamupene waea te muka i te parahi nā te mea he iti ake ngā utu tiaki, he ātete ki te waikura, me te kaha ki te tautoko i ngā whakahoutanga a meake nei pērā i te 5G backhaul. I te aranga ake o ngā whatunga 5G, he mea nui ngā muka whatu mō ngā hononga fronthaul me backhaul, e whakarite ana i te iti rawa o te whakaroa mō ngā tono pērā i ngā waka motuhake me te IoT. I te tipu haere o te tono, kei te puta ake ngā auahatanga pērā i te muka hollow-core (HCF), e whakaari ana i te whakaitiiti tae noa ki te 0.1 dB/km mō te tuku raraunga tere ake.

3. Ngā Pokapū Raraunga me te Rorohiko Kapua

He nui te whakawhirinaki o ngā pokapū raraunga ki Taura muka whatu​mō ngā hononga tere-teitei i waenga i ngā tūmau, ngā huinga rokiroki, me ngā pana. Ko ngā whakaurunga tauine-rahi e whakahaerehia ana e ngā kamupene hangarau nunui pēnei i a Google, Amazon, me Microsoft e whakamahi ana i ngā whatunga muka matotoru hei tautoko i ngā ratonga kapua me ngā tono wā-tūturu. Ka taea e te taura muka kotahi te pupuri i te 144 aho, ia taura ka taea te kawe i ngā awa raraunga maha mā te wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Mā tēnei matotoru teitei ka whakanui ake i te wāhi whatanga me te pai o te whakamatao me te whakaiti i te whakaroa mā te 30-40% ki te whakataurite ki ngā momo parahi kē atu.

Nā te nekehanga ki te 400G me te 800G Ethernet i roto i ngā pokapū raraunga kua akiaki i te hiahia mō ngā muka maha-aratau OM5 me ngā otinga aratau-kotahi pērā i te G.654.E. Ka tautokohia e ēnei taura ngā hononga poto me ngā hononga roa i roto me waenga i ngā pokapū raraunga, ka taea ai te whakawhanuitanga maeneene. Heoi anō, me nui te tuku raraunga mō ngā mahi AI me te ako mīhini, me te whakamahi i te muka tae atu ki te 36 ngā wā nui atu i ngā whakaurunga CPU tuku iho. Ka kitea tēnei ia i roto i ngā matapae mākete, e matapaetia ana ka piki ake te hiahia mō te muka pokapū raraunga mai i te 5% ki te 30% o te katoa o te whakamahinga o te ao i te tau 2027, me ngā ota kua oti te tuhi tae noa ki te tau 2027 nā te iti o te tuku.

4. Ngā Whatunga Ahumahi me te Hanga

I roto i ngā taiao ahumahi, Taura muka whatu​e whakarato ana i te hononga pono mō te aunoatanga, te karetao, me ngā whatunga pūoko. He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā wheketere e te wawaotanga hikohiko (EMI) nui mai i ngā mīhini taumaha, ka ngawari ai ngā taura parahi ki te hekenga tohu. Nā te mea kāore e kawe hiko ngā muka whatu, ā, he ātete ki te EMI, ka whakarite kia pumau te tuku raraunga mō te whakahaere tukanga wā-tūturu me te tiaki matapae. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā wheketere motuka, ka tirotirohia e ngā pūnaha tirohanga mīhini e hangai ana ki te muka te kounga i ngā tere teitei me te kore e pokanoa.

Ka whakamahia ngā taura motuhake pēnei i te muka ārai, ngā taura ārai-kikī rānei i roto i ngā taiao uaua, pēnei i ngā whare hanga hinu me ngā wāhi keri, he mea nui te tiaki tinana. Ka tu atu ēnei taura ki ngā pāmahana tino kino, ngā matū, me te ahotea miihini, kia kore ai e mutu te mahi. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ngā pūoko muka whatu kua whakauruhia ki roto i ngā taura te aroturuki i te pāmahana, te taumahatanga, me te wiri, ka taea ai ngā tono wheketere atamai. Ka tautokohia e tēnei whakaurunga ngā kaupapa Ahumahi 4.0, ka arotauhia e ngā māramatanga raraunga te whai huatanga me te haumaru o te whakaputanga.

5. Hauora me te Rangahau Pūtaiao

Ka whai hua te ao hauora i Taura muka whatu​i roto i te hononga me ngā taputapu. Ka whakamahia e ngā hōhipera ngā whatunga muka hei whakawhiti raraunga haumaru i waenga i ngā tari, hei tautoko i ngā pūkete hauora hiko me te rongoā tawhiti. Mā te whānui o te hononga muka ka taea te tuku i ngā whakaahua hauora nui i te wā tūturu, pērā i ngā MRI me ngā matawai CT, ka taea ai te tātaritanga mamao me ngā kōrerorero. I te wā o te mate urutā COVID-19, i noho te hauora tawhiti e whakahohea ana e te muka hei mea nui mō te tiaki tūroro, e whakaatu ana i tōna tūranga i roto i ngā pūnaha hauora pakari.

I roto i te rangahau pūtaiao, ka taea e ngā muka whatu te whakaahua me te rongo i te taumira teitei. Ka whakamahia e ngā tikanga endoscopy ngā paihere muka angiangi hei whakamārama me te hopu whakaahua i roto i te tinana, ka whakaiti i ngā pokanga whakaeke. Ka whakamahia e ngā taiwhanga rangahau ngā pūoko muka hei kite i ngā huringa iti o te pāmahana, te pēhanga, ngā taunekeneke biomolecular rānei, e whakatairanga ana i ngā mara pēnei i te ira tangata me te ahupūngao matūriki. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia e te Large Hadron Collider ngā muka whatu mō te wā me te kohikohi raraunga puta noa i tana whatunga pūoko whānui. E whakaatu ana ēnei tono i te maha o ngā mahi a te muka ki tua atu i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, e whai wāhi ana ki ngā hangarau whakaora ora me ngā putanga pūtaiao.

6. Ngā Tāone Atamai me ngā Hanganga Tūmatanui

I te whanaketanga o ngā tāone nui hei pūnaha rauropi atamai, Taura muka whatuHe mahi nui tā te rama tiriti atamai ki te hono i ngā taputapu IoT, ngā whatunga atamai, me ngā ratonga tūmatanui. Hei tauira, ka whakauruhia e ngā rama tiriti atamai te muka hei tuku hiko me te raraunga, ka taea ai te whakahaere mamao me te penapena hiko. I roto i tētahi rangahau take, i whakahoutia e tētahi tāone ngā rama tiriti e 500 me ngā taura muka hiato, ka whakaitihia ngā utu whakatinanatanga mā te 28% me te whakapaunga hiko mā te 40% mā te rama urutau. Ka tautokohia hoki e te muka ngā pūnaha kawe waka atamai, pērā i ngā kāmera waka me ngā waka hono, ka whakarei ake i te haumaru me te rere o ngā waka.

Ko ngā tono a te rāngai tūmatanui ko ngā whare wānanga me ngā whatunga kāwanatanga, e whakarite ana te muka i te urunga tere mō ngā ākonga me ngā āpiha. Ka whakamahia e ngā kaupapa whānui taiwhenua te muka rererangi, te muka whenua rānei hei whakakī i te āputa matihiko, hei whakarato i ngā whai wāhitanga ōrite mō ngā hapori tūmatanui. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te pūoko muka whatu te aroturuki i te hauora o ngā hanganga, pērā i te pumau o te piriti, te turuturu rānei o ngā paipa, ka taea ai te tiaki matatau. Mā te whakaurunga o te AI me te rorohiko taha, ka tautoko tonu ngā whatunga muka i te whanaketanga o te tāone atamai, ka hangaia he taiao tāone whai hua me te pumau.

7. Te Tāutanga, te Tiaki, me ngā Auahatanga o te Ao

He mea nui te tāutanga me te tiaki tika kia roa ai te ora o te Taura muka whatuI te wā e whakatinanahia ana, me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te whānui piko (iti rawa 20 ngā wā o te whānui taura mō ngā muka paerewa), ngā rohe kume, me te tiaki taiao. Hei tauira, me whai ārai UV me ngā āhuatanga ārai wai ngā taura o waho, ko ngā taura o roto ia me whai rauemi ārai ahi pēnei i te LSZH (kore-halogen paowa-iti). Mā te whakamātautau auau me te OTDR (whakaata rohe-wā optical) ka āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā hapa, pēnei i te pakaru, te whakaiti nui rānei, kia tere ai te whakatika.

Ko te heke mai o ngā muka whatu e hangaia ana e ngā au hou pēnei i te whakarea wehewehe-wāhi (SDM) e whakamahi ana i ngā muka maha-matua, e whakanui ana i te kaha me te kore e whakanui ake i te rahi o te taura. Kei te piki haere hoki te rongonui o ngā mahi hanga matomato, me ngā rauemi hangarua e whakaiti ana i te pānga ki te taiao. I te whanaketanga o ngā whatunga AI me te 6G, ka whanake te muka hei tautoko i ngā tere teitei ake me ngā whakaroa iti iho, me te whakauru pea i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero matū mō te haumarutanga pumau. I te mea e matapaetia ana ka eke te tipu o te mākete o te ao ki te $227.4 piriona i te tau 2031, he hangarau hihiri, he mea nui tonu te taura muka whatu mō te ao hono.

Hei whakamutunga, Taura muka whatuHe hangarau whakarerekētanga tēnei e kapi ana i ngā tono whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ngā pokapū raraunga, te ahumahi, te hauora, me ngā tāone atamai. Nā ōna painga o te tere, te pono, me te tauine, he mea nui tēnei mō ngā hanganga hou. Mā te mārama ki ōna whakarōpūtanga me ngā mahi pai o te whakatinanatanga, ka taea e ngā pakihi me ngā tāngata takitahi te whakamahi i tōna pūmanawa katoa ki te akiaki i te auahatanga me te hononga i roto i te ao matihiko.

Ngā Pātai Auau:

Q: He aha te painga matua o te taura muka whatu i runga i te parahi?

A: He nui ake te whānui o te hononga o te muka, he roa ake te tawhiti tuku (tae atu ki te 100 km me te kore he pūrua), he ātete ki te pokanoa hikohiko, me te haumarutanga pai ake mai i te patopato.

Q: Ka taea e au te whakamahi tahi i ngā muka aratau-kotahi me ngā muka aratau-maha?

Ā: Kāo, ka nui te ngaronga o te tohu ina whakaranua ngā mea nei nā te rerekētanga o te rahi o te matua. Whakamahia tonutia ngā momo muka me ngā taputapu whakawhiti e ōrite ana.

P: Me pēhea taku whiriwhiri i waenga i te tāutanga muka ā-rangi me te tāutanga muka ā-whenua?

A: He iti te utu, he tere ake hoki te whakatakoto i te hau engari ka pāngia e te huarere; he pakari ake, he ātaahua ake hoki te whakamahi i te raro whenua engari me keri te awaawa, ā, me nui ake ngā utu tīmatanga.

Q: He aha ngā auahatanga hou o te hangarau muka whatu?

A: Kei roto i ngā auahatanga ko te muka poraka-matua mō te whakaroa tino iti, te muka maha-matua mō te kaha ake, me te aroturukitanga e whakahaerehia ana e te AI mō te tiaki matatau.

Kei roto i tēnei aratohu he tirohanga whānui mō te taura muka whatu. Mō ētahi atu taipitopito taipitopito, pātai rānei mō ngā hua, whakapā atu ki ngā kaihanga matua o Feiboer.