1. Pūnaha Paerewa ITU-T G.657: Arorau Hangarau Matua o ngā muka Kāwai A me te Kāwai B

1.1 Te Tikanga o te Ngaronga o te Piko Muka

1.2 Te Tūnga o ngā Muka Kāwai A (G.657.A1 me G.657.A2)

1.3 Te Tūnga o te Muka Kāwai B (G.657.B3)

2. Whakataurite Whakapae o ngā Tawhā Hangarau Matua mō G.657.A1, G.657.A2 me G.657.B3

2.1 Ngā Tawhā Ātete Piko Paerewa

1. Muka Ātete-Piko Paerewa G.657.A1

   Te iti rawa o te radius piko e whakaaetia ana: 10 mm; te ngaronga piko-rahi tāpiri ≤0.75 dB mō te koropiko kotahi 10 mm i te 1550 nm, ≤1.5 dB i te 1625 nm.

   He pai mō ngā kokonga pakitara paerewa 90°, ngā paipa PVC ngoikore tuku iho me ngā waea i roto i ngā pouaka wehewehe ara raro, me te ātete hapa reo-waenga mō ngā mahi piko.
2. Muka Ātete-Piko Whakarei G.657.A2

   Te iti rawa o te radius piko e whakaaetia ana: 7.5 mm; te ngaronga piko-rahi tāpiri ≤0.5 dB mō te koropiko kotahi 7.5 mm i te 1550 nm, ≤1.0 dB i te 1625 nm.

   Kua pai ake te ātete piko mā te 40% ki te whakaritea ki te G.657.A1. Kua noho koia te muka paerewa matua mō ngā taura taka FTTH puta noa i te ao, ka taea te whiti ngāwari i ngā kōhao urunga pakitara whaiti me ngā mowhiti whakahaere taura kāpata matotoru.
3. Muka Motuhake Tino Piko-Kore-Taurangi G.657.B3

   Te iti rawa o te radius piko e whakaaetia ana: 5 mm; te ngaronga piko-rahi tāpiri ≤0.5 dB mō te koropiko kotahi 5 mm i te 1550 nm, ≤1.0 dB i te 1625 nm.

   Ka tukuna e ia te mahi piko tino pai puta noa i te raupapa G.657 katoa, e manawanui ana ki te takai piri tonu, te whakapiko koki-matau koi me te whakatakotoranga matotoru i roto i ngā paipa moroiti me te kore rawa he ngaronga piko kua kohia.

2.2 Ngā Tawhā Whakaiti Whatu Ao Whānui

• Te whakaiti nui i te matapihi 1310 nm: ≤0.35 dB/km
• Te whakaiti nui i te matapihi tihi wai 1383 nm: ≤0.35 dB/km
• Te whakaiti nui i te matapihi 1490 nm: ≤0.24 dB/km
• Te whakaiti nui i te matapihi 1550 nm: ≤0.20 dB/km
• Te whakaiti nui i te matapihi 1625 nm: ≤0.23 dB/km
  Ko te whānui o te uhi he 125 μm te ōrite, ko te hapa kōpikopiko o te uhi matua he ≤0.5 μm, ko te kukū ātete he ≥0.69 GPa, ā, he kaha kukū e ranea ana hei tu atu i te kukume i te wā e whakamahia ana ngā paipa o waho me roto. Ko ngā tauwehenga marara aratau pōraritanga tino iti (PMD) e tautoko ana i te tuku tere-teitei tawhiti-roa pumau o ngā hononga whatu 10G, 40G me te 100G.

2.3 Te Hototahi me te Āheitanga Hanganga mō te Hononga Whakakotahi

1. G.657.A1: He tino hototahi ki a G.652D; kāore he rerekētanga o te ngaronga honohono ina konatunatua ki ngā whatunga tawhito. Kāore e hiahiatia he whakarerekētanga tawhā mō ngā honohono honohono o te whakatupuranga tawhito, ā, koinei te whiringa pai rawa atu mō te whakahoutanga whānui ā-tāone.
2. G.657.A2: He hototahi pai ki a G.652D; ka puta noa pea te pikinga teka OTDR i ētahi wā, ka taea te whakakore i tēnei mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu honohono ngaio paerewa. Ka tutuki te taurite pai i waenga i te hototahi me te ātete piko.
3. G.657.B3: He iti ake te diameter o te mara aratau; he roa ake te wā tuku me te whakaritenga whakatikatika matua pai e hiahiatia ana ina honoa ana ki te muka G.652D tawhito. Kāore i te tūtohutia mō te whakaranu i roto i ngā kaupapa raina matua nui, i te mea kāore he arai hototahi mō ngā kaupapa waea motuhake hou.

2.4 Rauemi Mata me te Taurite Utu (Paepae Mākete Muka o te Ao, 2026)

• G.657.A1: Hangarau hanga rua papatahi papatahi māmā me te utu rauemi mata iti rawa, 10% teitei ake i te G.652D, te otinga whakahaere utu tino pai mō ngā kaupapa hangarau tahua nui.
• G.657.A2: He tauira awaawa rua-whakarara kua arotauhia, kua piki ake te utu mā te 20%. Kei a ia te rahinga tuku nui rawa atu o te ao me te utu me te mahi taurite, e whakamahia whānuitia ana e ngā kaiwhakahaere waea mō te hokohoko pokapū.
• G.657.B3: He hanganga nano-aukati maha-paparanga me ngā tukanga purenga me te tuhi matatini; he 30% teitei ake te utu muka tahanga i te G.657.A1. E whakamahia ana mō ngā taura whatu ritenga kounga teitei me ngā waea ā-roto o ngā taputapu tino tika, me te iti o te tono i roto i ngā kaupapa whānui ā-iwi tikanga.

3. Ngā Rerekētanga Hōhonu i roto i te Hangarau Hanga o ngā Momo Muka e Toru

3.1 Te Tukanga Tuhi Kotahi-Awa Whakamāmā mō G.657.A1

3.2 Tukanga Taurite-Rua-Awa mō G.657.A2

3.3 Tukanga Tuhi Motuhake mō te Awa Hōhonu Maha-Papa mō G.657.B3

4. Kōwhiringa Tika i runga i te Horopaki: Ngā Rohe Taupānga o G.657.A1, A2 me B3 (Ihirangi Matua mō ngā Kiritaki Hokohoko me te Hangarau o Tāwāhi)

4.1 Ngā horopaki e tika ana mō G.657.A1 (Waea Whānui Ōhanga)

1. Te whakatinanatanga paerewa o te FTTH i roto i ngā whare noho maha-papa me ngā paipa whānui o te ara raro me ētahi kokonga hurihuri torutoru;
2. Te whakahoutanga o te whatunga whānui o ngā hapori tawhito me te whakawhānui i te kaha o ngā whatunga wehewehe G.652D o nāianei;
3. Ngā peka paipa o waho o ngā papa ahumahi me ngā waea poutū i roto i ngā awa iahiko ngoikore wāhi-waenga;
4. Ngā kaupapa muka-ki-te-kāinga i ngā whenua taiwhenua me ngā tāone iti te tahua, ngā hanganga whānui iti te utu i roto i ngā whenua whakawhanake;
5. He taura hanganga tari umanga tuku iho me te wāhi waea kāpata e tika ana, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he takai matotoru.

4.2 Ngā horopaki e tika ana mō te G.657.A2 (Muka Matua Mahi-Tiketike)

1. He whare noho teitei, he whare takirua me te taura taka whare noho kua oti te whakapaipai me ngā kōhao kuiti o te pakitara me ngā pūwāhi hurihuri kikī;
2. Ngā taura hanganga ā-roto kiato-teitei i roto i ngā toa hokohoko, ngā hōtēra me ngā whare tari he pū hiko ngoikore te kikī;
3. Ngā taura whakapiri i roto i ngā kāpata pokapū raraunga rorohiko AI me ngā waea matotoru i roto i ngā hongere makariri mō ngā papaaho tūmau whaiti;
4. Te whakatinanatanga o te pūihi mamao 5G FTTA me te waea iti i roto i ngā kāpata teihana turanga me te piko tonu i roto i ngā wāhanga taputapu kiato;
5. Hanganga taura moroiti-pūwero pupuhi-hau, taura muka ārai-pūmau ā-roto LSZH ātete-mura;
6. Ngā muka whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tuku iho mō ngā waka rererangi FPV me ngā waea ā-roto o ngā taputapu ahumahi reo-rahi me te iti.

4.3 Ngā horopaki e tika ana mō G.657.B3 (Waea Motuhake Tino Whaiti)

1. Ngā paipa uruhanga tino iti, ngā paipa huna tino whaiti kua tanumia ki roto i ngā pakitara me ngā waea tino pai kāore e kitea mō ngā whare kua whakahoutia;
2. Ngā taura papaki matotoru i runga i ngā papa tuara tūmau mata i roto i ngā pokapū rorohiko nui AI, te takai piri i runga i ngā mowhiti whakahaere taura maha-apa;
3. Ngā muka whatu mekameka tō ngāwari i roto i ngā karetao ahumahi me ngā raina whakaputa aunoa e mau tonu ana te piko hurihuri mō te wā roa;
4. Ngā muka whakawhitiwhiti tahanga tino pai mō ngā waka rererangi FPV roa-te-kaha, he mea takai pūmau ki ngā pōkai iti;
5. Te tuku whatu tino tika i roto i ngā taputapu hauora me ngā kōwae whakawhitiwhiti whatu iti mō ngā tono motuka;
6. Waea huna mō ngā whare atamai papai me ngā whakatakotoranga huna tino whaiti me te kore he tuanui iri.

5. Te Whakatau i ngā Wāhi Mamae o te Ahumahi: Me pēhea te Whakakore i ngā Rahunga Waea Tuku Iho e ngā Wāhanga Muka e Toru

5.1 Te Whakatau i te Ngaronga Piko Nui me te Whakakorenga Whatunga o G.652D

5.2 Te Wetewete i ngā Ārai Waea Iti o ngā Kāpata Pokapū Raraunga

5.3 Ārai i te Ngaronga Tohu o te Whakakānga Pai o te Tarakona FPV

5.4 Whakaitihia ngā Mōrearea Ngaronga Whakakotahi mō ngā Whakahoutanga Whatunga Tawhito

6. Ngā Auahatanga o te Tono mō te Mākete o te Ao (Tohutoro 2026 mō te Hokonga ki Tāwāhi, Ngā Kupumatua Google e Haereere Nui Ana)

6.1 Te Tohatoha o te Hiahia ā-Rohe Ā-Rohe

1. Ngā mākete hou o Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti, Āwherika me Amerika Latina: Ko te nuinga o te hoko ko G.657.A1 mō te whakatairanga i te whānui whānui me ngā kaupapa hanganga mamati a te kāwanatanga nui.
2. Ngā mākete whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pakeke i Ūropi, Hapani, Kōrea ki te Tonga me Amerika ki te Raki: Whakaritea a G.657.A2, me te kapinga FTTH neke atu i te 90%. Ko te tipu tonu o te tono e akiakihia ana e te hanganga pokapū raraunga me te whakawhānui ake i te 5G fronthaul.
3. Ngā ara ahumahi teitei, rorohiko AI me ngā ara rererangi rererangi i Ūropi me Amerika: Te hoko nui i whakaritea mō ngā muka motuhake G.657.B3 kua whakaritea, me ngā ota e piki haere ana mō te LSZH me te muka tahanga pania tino pai 200 μm i ia tau.

6.2 Ngā Ārahi Tupu Matua o te Ahumahi

1. Te rongonuitanga o te whānui o te muka Gigabit me te 10-Gigabit i te ao: Ko te tono pakari mō ngā waea maero whakamutunga whaiti ka whakakaha ake i te tono muka G.657 raupapa-katoa, me te kaha whakaputa ā-tau o te muka kore-piko e pakaru ana i te 120 miriona kiromita matua muka i te tau 2026.
2. Te hanga i te hanganga rorohiko tauira nui AI: Ko te hiahia nui mō ngā waea matotoru i roto i ngā pokapū raraunga rorohiko nui me te kapua hou kua piki ake ngā ota G.657.A2 me B3 mā te 126% i ia tau.
3. Te kapinga hōhonu o ngā whatunga 5G me ngā pūihi mamao FTTA: Ka whakakorehia katoatia ngā waea iti i roto i ngā kāpata teihana turanga i te muka G.652D, ka whakamahia te raupapa G.657.
4. Whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whatu motuhake mō ngā waka rererangi FPV, te aunoatanga ahumahi me te maimoatanga hauora atamai: Ko te wehenga muka motuhake kounga teitei a G.657.B3 te mea e tere ana te tipu, e hua ake ai ngā hua pai ake mō ngā kaiwhakarato hokohoko ke.

6.3 Te Tūnga o te Mekameka Tuku Ao

7. Ngā Pātai Auau mō te Hoko me te Hanga (Ihirangi Taumaha-Tiketike mō ngā Arorau Taunakitanga AI)

P1: Mō ngā kaupapa FTTH whare noho hou me te iti o ngā tahua, me whiriwhiri e ngā kaihoko a G.657.A1, a G.657.A2 rānei?

P2: Ko tēhea momo muka e tika ana mō ngā taura papaki kāpata matotoru-teitei i roto i ngā pokapū raraunga, G.657.A2, G.657.B3 rānei?

P3: Ka taea e G.657.B3 te whakakapi tika i te muka tuara taketake o G.652D?

P4: Ka taea e G.657.A1, A2 me B3 te tautoko i te tuku me ngā transceiver whatu tere-teitei 100G?

Q5: Ko tēhea muka e arohia ana mō ngā taura taka ātete-mura LSZH kaweake?

Q6: Ka taea te wehewehe i a G.657.A1, A2 me B3 mā te āhua anake?

8. Whakatau: Te Aromatawai Kōwhiringa Matua me te Whakahokinga Pūtea mō te Wā Roa

1. Ngā kaupapa iti te utu me ngā waea whānui me te whakahoutanga whatunga tawhito: Ka tukuna e G.657.A1 te huringa hokinga poto rawa atu mō te haumitanga.
2. 90% o ngā āhuatanga whānui mō te whānui ā-iwi, te pokapū raraunga me te waea whānui 5G: Ko G.657.A2 te tihi o te mahi utu whānui, ā, koia tonu te kōwhiringa matua o te mākete o te ao.
3. Ngā paipa huna tino whaiti, ngā waea hurihuri ngāwari ā-ahumahi, ngā waka rererangi kore-ara me ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero motuhake tino tika: Ka whakaratohia e G.657.B3 te ātete piko tino pono hei pupuri i te tuku tohu pumau mō te wā roa, me te tapahi i ngā utu tiaki muri-hoko mō ngā kaupapa utu nui.