He aha ngā taputapu whatu e hiahiatia ana mō te whatunga muka whatu? Ka uru atu ki tēnei ngā taputapu whatu katoa pēnei i ngā whakawhiti whatu, taura muka whatu, ngā hononga, ngā papaki me ngā wehewehe whatu. He mahi nui tā ia o runga ake nei ki te tuku raraunga mā roto i ngā tohu mārama, hei āwhina i te tere me te pono o te whatunga.

I te Hononga o Amerika, ko ngā taura muka aratau-kotahi, aratau-maha rānei te nuinga o ngā tāutanga. He maha ngā wā ka kitea e koe ngā hononga momo LC, SC rānei i roto i ngā rūma tūmau me ngā pokapū raraunga o tō hapori. He maha ngā tīma whatunga e ora ana i runga i ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā mita hiko whatu.

Ka whakamahia e rātou ngā taputapu kimi hapa tirohanga hei manatoko me te whakahohe i ia hononga i roto i te whatunga. Ahakoa kei te whakatū koe i ngā raina hou, kei te whakakapi rānei i ngā whatunga tawhito, ko te whiriwhiri i ngā taputapu e tika ana te mea nui. Ko te hua o tēnei he iti ake te wā mutu, ā, he tere ake ngā hononga.

Ā muri iho, ka tirohia te hononga o ia wāhanga ki tētahi whatunga tūturu.

Muka: Te Whakapai Ake i te Ipurangi

He whakahoutanga nui te ipurangi muka mai i te whānui o te ipurangi tawhito. Ko aua taura, he angiangi ake i te makawe, koinei ngā taura e kawe ana i taua ratonga tukutuku tere ake, maeneene ake ki ngā kāinga o te tangata. He rerekē ki ngā taura parahi, ka whakamahia e te muka te māramatanga hei tuku raraunga i ngā tere whakamiharo.

He tere rawaka tēnā hei tango i tētahi kiriata kounga 4K i roto i ētahi meneti noa iho, hei whakawhiti rānei i ngā kōnae mahi nunui i roto i ngā hēkona. Kei te muka te kaha ki te tuku raraunga nui i te wā kotahi. Nā tēnei kaha ki te tauine te mea e tino toa ai i te mea e hiahia ana ngā whare noho me ngā pakihi ki ngā tono whānui-rahi.

Tere tonu, Maeneene te Rere

I runga i te muka whatu, he maeneene te rere o te raraunga. Mā ngā tere gigabit ka taea e koe te mātaki tere i ō raupapa tino pai, te whai wāhi atu rānei ki ngā waea ataata rōpū me te kore he raruraru. Ko ngā whakapainga o te ao tūturu ka kitea nuitia e ngā kaitākaro me ngā kaimahi mamao.

Ko te iti o te whakaroa ka tere te utaina o ngā kēmu, ā, ka pai te haere o ngā hui. Ka taea e te hunga e hiahia ana ki te kounga pikitia me te oro tino pai te pārekareka ki te rere ataata kounga teitei me te kore utu mai i te wira ārai whakamataku. Ahakoa rā, me whakarite kei te hototahi tō pouara ki te tāutanga muka kia tino whai hua ai tō mahere.

Te Pono o te Whatunga Tuturu

Ehara i te mea he whakapai ake i te tere noa iho te muka. Ka ārai tōna hoahoa i te whakahekenga tohu, ā, ka ārai hoki i te nuinga o ngā pokanoa haruru. Ahakoa kei te rere ataata 4K ngā tāngata tokowhā o te whare i te wā kotahi, kāore te hononga e kimo.

Ahakoa i tanumia ki raro i te whenua, i whakairihia rānei ki te teitei, ka tu atu ngā taura muka ki ngā awha nui. Mō te hunga e manukanuka ana ki te motuhanga hiko, mā te pūtāhui pākahiko koe e pupuri tonu, ahakoa ka motu te hiko.

Te Ipurangi Kāinga hei Āwhina i a Koe ki te Ao Whānui

Mā te muka ka tiakina tō hononga ipurangi kāinga mō āpōpō. I te mea kei te horapa haere te hangarau atamai, ā, kua mārama te mate urutā, he mea nui te ipurangi tere-teitei. Me piki ake te uara o ngā kāinga e hono ana ki te muka.

He tere tonu te tāutanga—he torutoru meneti noa iho i ētahi wā—ā, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā aho o nāianei, i ngā awaawa hou rānei.

He Hononga Tukutuku Kakariki Ake

Ko te muka te toa nui mō te penapena pūngao. He iti ake te pūngao e pau ana i te wā roa atu i te parahi, ā, ka whakaitihia tō tapuwae waro. Mā te neke haere, ka whakarite koe kia aro nui ake te urunga ki te tukutuku ki te taiao.

Taputapu muka whatu matua

Kāore i te maha ngā wāhanga e hiahiatia ana mō ngā whatunga muka whatu, engari ko ngā mea kei a rātou he wāhanga matua. Ka honoa pai ēnei wāhanga ki te tuku raraunga hei pakūnga mārama—he tere, he whai hua hoki. Ko te uho o tētahi hanganga ko te taura muka whatu tonu, e hono ana i ngā mea katoa.

Ko ngā taura aratau-kotahi, me ō rātou matua iti rawa 9-micron, ka taea te kawe i te mārama ki ngā tawhiti tino tawhiti—he mea pai mō ngā whatunga nui, mō te hono rānei i ngā wāhi whānui. Ko ngā taura aratau-maha, he 50, 62.5 micron rānei ō rātou matua, he mea pai mō ngā oma poto ake, pērā i roto i te tari, i roto rānei i tētahi poraka tāone kikī. Ina tūtaki ki te hanganga e kore e taea te karo, ko te kōwhiringa tika ka hua ake he iti ake ngā whakaroa me te wā mahi pono ake.

Kia oti te tāuta i te taura, kua tae ki te wā mō te Optical Network Terminal (ONT) ki te mahi i tana mahi. Ko tēnei taputapu te wāhi e tūtaki ai te rapa ki te rori—arā, ko te wāhi e tūtaki ai ki tō kāinga, ki tō pakihi rānei. Ka hurihia e ia te tohu mārama ki tētahi mea ka taea e ō taputapu te mārama, pērā i te Ethernet.

He maha ngā tauranga Ethernet kua hangaia ki roto i te nuinga o ngā ONT. Mā te ONT, ka taea e koe te hono tika i ngā rorohiko papamahi, ngā pona, ngā pouaka whakaata atamai—tae atu ki ngā pūnaha kēmu!—ki te whāngai muka!

Mā te pouara muka-rite, inā koa he mea kua whakauruhia ki te WiFi 6, ka whakarite kia haere tonu te rere o aua tere teitei puta noa i tō whare. Ka whakakotahihia e ētahi whirihoranga te ONT me te pouara ki te wae kotahi, ka whakakorea te raruraru me te pōhēhē. Hei whakanui ake i ō tere, me whakarite kia ōrite tō pouara ki tāu mahere tere me te rahi o tō whare.

Mā ngā hononga—pērā i te LC, SC, ST, me te FC—ka mau te hononga ki tōna tūranga. Mā ngā hononga mahi ka whakaitihia te ngaronga o ngā raraunga. He mea tino nui te whiriwhiri i te momo tika me te whakarite kia tika ia mono mō ō hiahia!

Mā ngā hononga piripono, tiakina hoki ka ārai i te pokanoa o ngā poke me ngā wiri ki te hononga. I waho, mā ngā ārai pakari, ātete-huarere ka tiaki i ō taputapu muka mai i ngā āhuatanga o te hau, te ua, me te pānga. Mā ngā rauemi pakari, ātete-waikura i hangaia hei tu atu ki te taiao o te rohe ka tiaki i te ngākau o te whatunga, ahakoa te huarere, te wai nui rānei.

Te Kōwhiri i tō Taura muka

Ko te whiriwhiri i te taura muka tika ka pā ki tō whatunga katoa, tae atu ki te tere raraunga, te roa me te mahi whānui. Tīmata mā te whakaaro ki ngā mea e hiahiatia ana e tō tāutanga. Kei te rapu koe i tētahi otinga he nui te whānui o te hononga i runga i tētahi awhe roa, he waea rānei mō tētahi whare anake?

Mā tā mātou whakautu koe e āwhina ki te whiriwhiri i te muka aratau-kotahi, aratau-maha rānei. He whaiti te diameter matua o te aratau-kotahi, arā, 8-10 maikorona, ā, he nui ake te diameter matua o te aratau-maha, arā, 50, 62.5 maikorona rānei.

Aratau-Kotahi mō te Taenga Mōrahi

He tino pai te muka aratau-kotahi ina me tuku tohu koe ki tawhiti rawa. Mā tōna uho iti ka iti te ngaronga tohu i ngā tawhiti roa. Nā tēnei āheinga me tōna iti o te whakaiti i te kaha, he mea tino pai mō ngā whatunga puta noa i te tāone, i ngā whatunga puni rānei i ngā rohe pērā i te Tonga-mā-uru o Amerika, he roa pea ngā tawhiti.

He nui te whānui o te hononga, he mea tino pai mō ngā tuara tere-rahi. Tērā pea ka nui ake te utu tīmatanga mō ngā muka aratau-kotahi. He nui ake te utu mō rātou anō i ngā kaupapa nui nā te mea he iti ake ngā pūrua e hiahiatia ana, ā, he iti ake hoki te tiaki tonu.

Ko ngā taura he mea hanga ki ngā koti pakari pērā i te OFNP, i te OFCP rānei, e tika ana mō ngā taiao uaua. Tērā pea ka tohua he hononga pērā i te LC, i te SC rānei, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whakaurunga nunui puta noa i te motu i te US.

Aratau Maha mō ngā Oma Poto

He pai te muka maha-aratau mō ngā tawhiti poto ake—pērā i ngā papa tari, i ngā pokapū raraunga rānei. Nā te mea he iti ake te utu ki te whakaputa i te muka kotahi-aratau. Nā te matotoru o te matua me te tautoko mō ngā momo maha-aratau pērā i te OM3, te OM4 rānei, he pai mō ngā whatunga rohe (LAN).

He pai ake te mahi a te aratau-maha mō te tuku raraunga tere-tiketike i te 850, 1300 nanometer rānei, engari ka tīmata te ngoikore i ngā tawhiti roa.

Ngā Taura o Waho Ārai-Huarere o Amerika

Mō ngā mahi o waho, whiriwhiria ngā taura i hangaia kia tū atu i ngā huarere kino o Amerika. Rapua he ārai UV me te makuku—ka pakaru ngā koti huruhuru i te hihi o te rā, te ua, me te hukarere, ā, ka kino hoki te mahi.

Ko ngā taura o waho he mea pakari, he mea hanga hoki ki te Kevlar hei ārai i te kukume me te kuru. Mā te whiriwhiri tika ka roa ake te ora, ā, ka iti ake te mamae o te ngākau.

Ngā Whakatauranga Haumaru Taura o Roto

Ina tae ki roto i te whare, he mea nui te haumaru. E hiahiatia ana e ngā Ture o Amerika he koti ahi kua whakatauria — OFNP mō ngā wāhi whānui, OFNR mō ngā ara whakarunga, me OFNG mō te whakamahinga whānui. Mā ēnei whakatauranga ka ārai i te horapa o te ahi, ā, ka tiaki hoki i tō whatunga mēnā ka puta he ahi.

Pērā i ngā wā katoa, whakaūhia ngā waehere ahi mō tō wāhi motuhake, whare noho, wāhi pakihi rānei.

Whakakahangia, Tiakina hoki tō Whatunga

Ahakoa te tere me te pono o te whatunga muka whatu, me nui te hiko me te tiaki. Ki te kore he hiko pono, he parenga pakari rānei, ka pōuri, ka whakaroa rānei te aho muka tino pai. Kia pai ai te haere o ngā mea i tētahi wāhi pēnei i a Marrakech, he wāhi kāore i te onge te pakaru hiko me te puehu, he mea nui te whakamahi i ngā taputapu atamai.

Akohia me pēhea te whakakaha me te tiaki i tō whatunga. Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ka tohaina atu e au ētahi tikanga pai hei whakarite kia tere, kia pono hoki aua hononga Ethernet!

UPS: Ipurangi Tonu-Kāore

Ko te tikanga o te pūnaha hiko kore-mutu (UPS) e kore ai tō whatunga e mate ina mate te hiko. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi ai te UPS ki te whakamahi i te mana pākahiko tārua. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka noho tonu tō hononga ipurangi, ō taputapu—pērā i ō pouara me ō pana—me te mahi tonu me te kore e motuhia.

I tētahi tāone nui pērā i a Marrakech, i ētahi wā ka uaua ake te matapae i te hiko. Koia te mea nui kia whai UPS ka taea te pupuri i te hiko o ō taputapu matua mō te 15-30 meneti pea! Mā tēnei ka nui te wā hei penapena i te ahunga whakamua, hei karo rānei i ngā whakararuraru poto.

Ehara i te mea ko te whakarite kia haere tonu tō matakitaki Netflix e whai ake nei, kia kore ai e haukotia! Whakaarohia ngā taputapu kāinga atamai, ngā pūnaha haumarutanga kāinga rānei e hiahia ana ki te hononga ipurangi tonu.

Ngā Ārai Pupuhi: Taputapu Ārai

Mā te torutoru mano volts e pupuhi ana i roto i ngā taura ka taea te para i ngā taputapu muka i roto i ngā hēkona. He māmā noa ngā parenga ngaru engari he mea nui; he whakarea kaha. Kōwhiria ngā parenga ngaru kua whakatauria mō te 1,000 joules, neke atu rānei, kua rārangihia ki te UL.

Mena kei te noho koe i tētahi rohe e pāngia ana e ngā ngaru hiko auau, hokona he tauira he rama tohu kia tino mohio ai koe kei te mahi i tana mahi. He mea nui rawa tēnei ina tāutahia ngā taura muka ki ngā ara kotahi me ngā taura hiko, ngā wāhi rānei he taputapu neke.

Ethernet Kounga mō te Tere

He mea nui anō hoki ngā taura Ethernet kounga teitei, inā koa mēnā he nui āu petipeti ipurangi, he roma 4K rānei. E rawaka ana ngā taura Cat 5e mō te nuinga, engari mā te Cat 6, neke atu rānei, ka nui ake te wāhi mō ngā tere 1 gigabit me tua atu.

Mō te mahi tino pai, whakamahia ngā taura poto, ārai. Ahakoa he watea te WiFi, ka taea e te hononga waea mō tō rorohiko petipeti, papatohu rānei te whakaiti i te whakaroa me te whakanui ake i te tere.

He maha ngā wā he ārai tāpiri kei roto i ngā taura muka, pērā i te Kevlar, hei ārai i ngā kiore, i ngā pakaru rānei. Pērā anō hoki mō tō Ethernet: whiriwhiria ngā taura kua hangaia kia roa.

Tatūnga muka atamai i te USA

He nui ngā pānga pai o te whakatinanatanga o te muka atamai ki te US. Ka tino whai hua ina honoa ki te whakamahere atamai me ngā taputapu tika! Kei roto i te whakatakotoranga muka atamai te pouara GigaSpire, e whakarato ana i ngā tere tino tere me te whānuitanga o te kapinga.

Hei whakatau i ngā kokonga uaua, ka mahi tahi me ngā whatunga mata, me ngā taputapu whakawhānui i te awhe wifi rānei. He maha tonu ngā whare e whakamahia ana ngā taura muka whatu maha-aratau, e whakamahi ana i te rahi matua o te 50, 62.5 maikorona rānei. He pai ēnei taura mō ngā oma poto, engari ko ngā taura aratau-kotahi me te matua 9-maikorona ka tiaho ki ngā tawhiti roa.

Whakamaherehia tō Waea i roto i te Kāinga

Mā te whai mahere waea i roto i te kāinga ka tere te ipurangi i roto i ia rūma. Whakamaherehia ō waea i roto i te kāinga. Tāutuhia ngā wāhi tino pai mō tō ONT me ngā pouara—ko ngā wāhi pokapū te mea e whakarato ana i ngā tohu pai rawa atu.

Whakamaherehia he mahere mō ngā mea kei te heke mai. Waiho he wāhi mō ngā whakapainga ā muri ake nei, pērā i ngā taputapu tāpiri, i ētahi atu pūwāhi mata rānei, kia mau tonu ai te whakaritenga mō ngā mea kei te heke mai. I ēnei rā, he tokomaha ngā tāngata e whakamahi ana i ngā pouara Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 6E rānei hei tuku hononga ahokore kounga teitei, tere-teitei.

Tāutanga Ngaio: He Pai?

Ka uaua pea ētahi tāutanga, pērā i te wā e aukati ana ngā pakitara i ngā tohu, e whakararuraru ana rānei ngā waea kua oti kē te whakamahi. Koinei te wāhi ka taea e te kaiwhakauru ngaio te penapena i te nui o te wā me te mamae o te ngākau.

E mōhio ana rātou me pēhea te karo i te mahi anō utu nui, me te whakarite kia mahi tika te muka mai i te rā tuatahi. Mō te wā roa, he iti ake te utu, ā, he pai ake te pupuri i ō tere ki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana.

Taputapu Whakataetae mō te Mahi

Mā te whakamahi i ngā huinga wāhanga hē ka ara ake he arai. Me whakarite kei te hototahi tō ONT, tō pouara, me ngā taura ki te whakatutuki i te hononga muka e hiahiatia ana e koe.

He pai te mahi a te WiFi mō ngā kēmu, ngā rere rānei i te 4K i te nuinga o te wā, engari he kōwhiringa mohio ngā taura ethernet. Kōwhiria he taputapu ka taea te whakahaere i ngā kawenga taumaha, pērā i te VR, te IoT rānei, kia kore ai tō whatunga e waiho noa iho.

Te Mārama ki ngā Pūwāhi Wehewehe

Te Mārama ki ngā Wāhi Wehewehe Ko ngā wāhi wehewehe he wāhi ā-tinana, ā-arorau rānei hei wehewehe i te kawenga a te kaiwhakarato me tō kawenga. Mēnā ka pakaru tetahi mea, ka motuhia rānei te ratonga, ka āwhina tēnei rārangi ki te whakamārama ko wai te kawenga mō te whakatika i ēhea mea.

Mā te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whai hua ki tō ISP mō tēnei take ka penapena wā, ā, ka māmā ake te tukanga rapurongoā.

Te Tiaki Muka me ngā Whakatikatika Tere

Ehara i te mea ko te whiriwhiri taputapu kounga anake hei tāuta te tiaki i tō haumitanga ki tētahi whatunga muka whatu. Mā te tiaki o ia rā me ngā otinga wā poto ka māmā ake te karo i ngā moemoeā utu nui me te roa e pau ana i te wā a muri ake nei. Mā te pupuri tonu i te hangarau ka pai ake tō hononga.

He tino pono tēnei i roto i ngā tāone nui pēnei i a Marrakech, ka taea e ngā āhuatanga te huri tere me te nui! Anei tētahi aratohu ki ngā mahi pai, ngā take e auau ana, me ngā whakatau raruraru taketake ka taea e koe te whakamahi.

Ngā Tohutohu Tiaki Muka Māmā

Ko ngā tirotiro ā-wā te mea tuatahi hei ārai i tētahi pūnaha muka. Whakatūria he mahinga auau hei tirotiro i ngā taura me ngā hononga. Tirohia mēnā he pakaru, he whatiwhati, he piko, he tohu rānei o te pakaru.

Whai muri i tēnā, whakamahia he kete horoi hei horoi i te paru i ngā hononga. Whakamahia he karu hiko ataata hei tiro i ngā puehu iti, i ngā kohao rānei e tango ana i te mana o te tohu. Tuhia ia whakatikatika tuitui, te whakatikatika rewa, me te muka whakakapinga hei whakataurite ā muri ake nei.

I mua i te keri, i te hanga whare rānei, me whakaū anō te wāhi kei reira ngā waea kua tanumia, nā te mea ko ngā aituā hanga te tino take o ngā tapahi muka.

Te Kite i ngā Take Muka Noa

Ko te ngaronga o te tohu ka tīmata mā te koretake o ngā tohu, pērā i te puhoi haere o te ipurangi i te rā, te mutu rānei o te waea. Ka taea e ngā taura pakaru i te tupuhi, i ngā aituā waka, i te tangata kino rānei te whakararuraru.

Kia tūpato ki ngā tohu ngoikore te kaha, ngā tohu motumotu rānei. Ina kite koe i tētahi raruraru, whakamahia he mita hiko muka, he OTDR rānei hei whakamātautau i te taura, hei tātaritanga hoki i te raruraru.

I ētahi wā, ka pekehia e ngā whakamātautau OTDR tētahi hapa mēnā he hē te roa o te taura—nō reira me manatoko ō inenga. Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ki te rapurongoā i tētahi hononga whati ko te tirotiro i te URL tonu.

Ngā Arowhai Tātaritanga Taketake

He pai te wā mō ngā tirotiro tātaritanga taketake. Honoa he mita hiko whatu hei tirotiro mēnā he rite tonu te tohu. Tirohia ngā hononga, ā, kimihia he whakatikatika tere pērā i te horoi, te whakanoho anō rānei.

Tuhia ō kitenga. Ā muri i tētahi wā, ka tīmata koe ki te kite i ngā tauira hei ārai i te piki haere o ngā raruraru.

Āhea me waea atu ki tō ISP?

He iti noa ngā take e hiahia ana koe ki tētahi tohunga. Ki te kite koe i te waipuke, i te pakaru o te huka, i tētahi whati taura mārama, hohonu rānei, kua tae ki te wā ki te waea atu ki tō ISP.

Tuhia ngā mea katoa i whakamatautauria, i whakatikahia hoki e koe—mā ēnei tuhipoka ka āwhina i ngā tīma tautoko ki te hanga tere ake i te panga.

Whakamutunga

Ehara i te mea ngāwari te whakamahere i tētahi whatunga muka whatu i te US, engari he tino māmā noa iho ngā taputapu. Ko ngā pūtake mārama, ngā taura whatu, ngā hononga, ngā wehewehe whatu me ngā whakamātautau whatunga ngā mea nui o te mahi. He nui te mahi a ngā taura kounga me ngā taputapu tiaki kounga i te tīmatanga. Ko ngā whakatau whakaaro nui i tēnei rā ka iti ake te whakatikatika āpōpō. Ko te hunga e aro nui ana ki te pirau me te whakakapi i ngā wāhanga tawhito i mua i te pakaru, ka karohia e rātou ngā aituā nui. Kua kite rātou i ētahi pakihi iti i te taha hauauru o Waenganui e whakapiki ana i tā rātou taumata ratonga mā te whakakapi noa i ngā wehewehe tawhito me te whakakore i ngā hononga paru. Ahakoa te āhua o te muka whatu, me ngā taputapu tika, ahakoa te kaimahi iti rawa te mōhio ki te hangarau, ka taea e rātou te whakarite kia pai tonu te haere o ngā mea katoa. Kei te rapu koe i tētahi whatunga kounga teitei, tere-teitei? Tīmata ki ngā kaupapa matua, piri ki te tiaki auau, me te tono tohutohu ina tūtaki koe ki tētahi pakitara.

Ngā Pātai Auau

He aha te taputapu tino nui mō te whatunga muka whatu?

He aha ngā taputapu tino nui mō te whatunga muka whatu. Koinei ngā āhuatanga matua o tētahi hononga ipurangi pakari, tere, pumau e hiahiatia ana e ngā Amerikana, ā, e tika ana hoki mā rātou.

He aha te momo taura muka me whakamahi e au mō taku whatunga kāinga?

Mena kei te rapu koe i te tawhiti roa rawa atu, ka tūtohutia te muka aratau-kotahi, engari he rawaka te muka aratau-maha mō ngā oma poto i roto i te kāinga, i te tari rānei. I te hoko taura, me whakarite kia rite ki ngā paerewa ANSI o Amerika.

Me hiahia au i ngā taputapu motuhake hei tāuta i ngā taura muka whatu?

Ngā taputapu motuhake hei tāuta i ngā taura muka whatu Ae, me whakamahi koe i ngā tapatapahi muka, i ngā mīhini tango taura, i ngā mīhini honohono honohono, me ngā mita mana whatu. Koinei ngā taputapu e hiahiatia ana e koe hei tiaki i a koe mai i ngā āhuatanga kino, hei pupuri hoki i te pumau o tō hononga muka whatu.

Me pēhea taku tiaki i taku whatunga muka whatu mai i te kino?

Ārai i te kino o ngā taura he ātete ki te makuku me te pānga, ngā paipa hiko, me ngā pūnaha whakahaere taura. He mea tino nui tēnei i ngā āhuarangi tino kino puta noa i te USA.

He aha ngā taputapu hei āwhina i te aroturuki i te mahi a te whatunga muka whatu?

He mea nui ngā OTDR (Ngā Whakaata Rohe Wā Optical) hei whakamātautau i te hauora o tō whatunga. He taputapu tino nui ngā mita mana whatu hei aroturuki i tana mahi.

Me pēhea taku tiaki i taku whatunga muka whatu?

Tirohia ngā taura me ngā hononga i ngā wā katoa mō te puehu, te makuku, me ngā kino ā-tinana. Horoia tika ngā hononga ki ngā taputapu kua whakaaetia e te kaihanga, e te umanga rānei, hei whakaiti i te ngaronga o te tohu, hei pupuri hoki i te mahi pai o tō whatunga.

He rerekē ngā taputapu muka whatu i te USA ki ērā atu whenua?

He rerekē ngā taputapu muka whatu i te USA i ērā atu whenua? Pērā i ngā wā katoa, tirohia ngā ture ā-rohe kia mōhio ai koe he hototahi, he haumaru hoki ō taputapu.