Iintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi kwamanzi zinokwahlulwa zibe ziintlobo ngeentlobo, kuquka iintambo ezixhotyisiweyo, ezingaxhotyisiweyo, eziphindaphindwayo, ezingaphindiweyo, kunye neentambo ezikhethekileyo ngokusekelwe kwindawo ezicwangcisiweyo kunye nenjongo yazo.

Iintambo ze-fiber optic ezixhotyisiweyo zibonelela ngomaleko owongezelelweyo wokhuseleko kwaye zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinzima okanye ezinamatye. Iintambo ze-fiber optic ezingenazixhobo zibiza kancinci kwaye zifanelekile kumanzi azolileyo nanzulu, kwaye zifuna ukulungiswa ngononophelo.

Iinkqubo eziphindaphindwayo ziyandisa imiqondiso kumazwekazi, ngelixa iinkqubo ezingaphindwanga zigubungela iindlela ezimfutshane kwaye zinciphisa iindleko zeprojekthi.

Ezikhethekileyo iintambo ze-fiber optic zasemanzini uphando lwesayensi kunye nokusasazwa kwamandla kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni ubuchwepheshe kunye nobuchule kwihlabathi liphela.

Ukususela kwiintambo ze-telegraph ukuya kwiintambo ze-fiber optic, yatshintsha unxibelelwano lwehlabathi, yenza unxibelelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe lukhawuleze, luthembeke ngakumbi, kwaye lubalulekile ekukhuleni koqoqosho.

Kwinethiwekhi zehlabathi ezizinzileyo nezikhuselekileyo, ukoyisa imiqobo yokusasazwa, ukukhusela iintambo kwimingcipheko evelayo kunye nokuzibophelela ekulungiseni nasekuveliseni izinto ezintsha kubalulekile.

Iintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi kwamanzi zahluka ngohlobo kwaye zingahlulwa njenge-single-mode okanye i-multi-mode, ezixhotyisiweyo okanye ezingaxhotyisiweyo, neziphindaphindwayo okanye ezingaphindaphindwayo. Ezi ntambo zilele elwandle ukuze zidibanise amazwekazi kwaye zinikeze ulwazi oluninzi phakathi kwamazwe. Iintambo ze-single-mode zisebenza kakuhle kumgama omde, ngelixa iintambo ze-multi-mode zisetyenziswa kwiindlela ezimfutshane. Iintambo ezixhotyisiweyo ziquka iileya ezongezelelweyo zokukhusela ekonakaleni kwamatye okanye ukuloba, kwaye iintambo ezingezoxhotyisiweyo zilula kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kolwandle olunzulu. Iintambo ezimbalwa zisebenzisa iziphindaphindo ukukhulisa imiqondiso kumawaka eekhilomitha, ngelixa ezinye zisebenza ngaphandle kweziphindaphindo kunxibelelwano olufutshane. Ukuqonda iintlobo kunceda ekukhetheni intambo efanelekileyo kwindlela nganye yolwandle. Ubuninzi obungezantsi buza kuhlola indlela intambo nganye ehlangabezana ngayo neemfuno zehlabathi.

Ziziphi iintlobo zeentambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi kwamanzi?

Iintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi kwamanzi Zifumaneka ngeemilo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu, zenzelwe ukuhambelana nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kunye neendawo. Zisebenza phantsi kolwandle kunye neelwandle, zidibanisa amazwekazi, iziqithi, kunye nemimandla eselunxwemeni. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi eziphambili ezifana neentambo ze-transoceanic, transcontinental, kunye nezengingqi, zonke zahlukile ngobude kunye nenjongo. Ngaphantsi komphezulu, umahluko wazo ophambili usekwakhekeni kwazo, iisheaths zokukhusela, kunye nendlela yokudlulisela idatha kumgama omde. Ezinye zixhomekeke kwi-repeaters ukugcina amandla esignali, ngelixa ezinye zilula ngakumbi kwaye zisebenza kakuhle kumgama omfutshane. Intambo oyikhethayo ichaphazela okungaphezulu kokusebenza nje kuphela; ichaphazela iindleko, ukuqina, kunye neemfuno zokugcinwa.

1. Iintambo ze-Armored Fiber Optic

Iintambo ze-fiber optic ezixhotyisiweyo Sebenzisa iingcingo zentsimbi okanye iiteyiphu zesinyithi ukukhusela i-fiber yangaphakathi kwiingozi ezinobungozi ezifana nee-ankile, izixhobo zokuloba, kunye nolwandle olunamatye. Le ngaphandle iqinileyo inegalelo kubunzima kunye nobukhulu kwaye ivumela intambo ukuba imelane nokukrweleka kwiindawo ezisengozini apho umngcipheko wokwenzakala mkhulu khona. Ngokuqhelekileyo uza kufumana iintambo ezixhonyiweyo kwiindawo ezithe nkqo, kufutshane nonxweme, okanye kwiindawo ezinamatye zekorale okanye amatye.

Iintambo ezixhotyisiweyo zibiza kakhulu ukuzakha nokuzisebenzisa kuneentambo ezikhaphukhaphu. Ukuqina okwandileyo kuthetha ukuba zimbalwa iziganeko zokulungisa nokucima. Iqokobhe lazo elingqindilili lithetha ukuba zincinci iimpazamo kwaye zisebenza ixesha elide, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibe lukhetho olukrelekrele kwimisebenzi enzima.

2. Iintambo ze-Fiber Optic ezingaxhotyiswanga

Iintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaxhotyiswanga zilula kwaye kulula ukuzisebenzisa. Ziyayeka izixhobo zentsimbi enzima kwaye zisebenzisa kuphela iileya eziqhelekileyo zokukhusela i-fiber. Oku kuzenza zibize kancinci kwaye zikhawuleze ukuzibeka, ibhonasi yolwandle olulula nolunesanti apho iingozi zincinci khona.

Ziyakhazimla apho uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali luncinci okanye ulwandle luthambile. Ezi ntambo zinokulimala xa zibethelwa zii-ankile zokuloba okanye zeenqanawa. Ukugcinwa kwazo kunzima xa kukho ikhefu, kuba ukulungiswa kwamanzi anzulu kufuna ixesha kunye nobuchule.

3. Iinkqubo eziPhindwayo

Iinkqubo eziphindaphindwayo zisebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezaziwa ngokuba zi-repeaters ukukhulisa imiqondiso ebuthathaka kuyo yonke intambo. Ezi zifumaneka ngamaxesha athile, ezi repeaters zibamba imiqondiso ye-optical kwaye zibuyisele amandla azo apheleleyo, zivumela ulwazi ukuba luwele iilwandle ngaphandle kokuwohloka.

Le teknoloji isivumele ukuba sithumele imiqondiso ngokukhawuleza nangokucacileyo kumawaka eekhilomitha, ifanelekile kwimisebenzi enqumla ulwandle. Iirepeater zibiza kakhulu kwaye zifuna ukulungiswa. Ukuba enye iyasilela, ukuyilungisa kuthatha ixesha kwaye kubiza kakhulu, njengoko amaqela okulungisa kufuneka aphakamise intambo ukusuka elwandle olunzulu.

4. Iinkqubo Ezingaphinda-phindwanga

Iinkqubo ezingaphindanga ziphindaphindwa ziyaziphepha ii-repeaters, endaweni yoko zixhomekeke ekukhanyeni okunamandla ngaphambili kunye nee-sensitive receivers ngasemva. Ezi zilungele ukutsiba okufutshane kwiindawo ezikude, phakathi kweziqithi, okanye ecaleni konxweme.

Ngaphandle kwesidingo see-repeaters, intambo ilula, ilula, kwaye ayibizi kakhulu. Iingxaki zibanzi kuba isignali iyaphela emva kweekhilomitha ezimbalwa, ngoko ke azikwazi ukuwela iilwandle. Iindawo ezininzi ezinabantu abaninzi zisebenzisa iintambo ezingaphindiyo ukunxibelelana kwengingqi, njengoLwandle lweMeditera okanye lweBaltic.

5. Iintambo ezikhethekileyo

• Iintambo zombane ezisetyenziswa phantsi kolwandle zithutha umbane phantsi kwamanzi, ngokuqhelekileyo kwiifama zomoya ezisebenzisa umoya olwandle.

• Iintambo zophando zithwala idatha kunye namandla ukuya kwizinzwa zolwandle ukuze kufundwe ngemozulu okanye ngenyikima.

• Iintambo ze-hybrid zidibanisa imigca ye-fiber optic kunye neentambo zamandla zezixhobo zeoyile okanye iziqithi ezikude.

• Iintambo zokhuselo ziintambo ezikhuselekileyo ezenzelwe ukusetyenziswa emkhosini okanye kwiiprojekthi zikarhulumente.

Zonke ezi ntambo zihlala zisebenzisa uyilo olulungiselelwe wena olunezikhuselo ezongezelelweyo, iingubo ezikhethekileyo okanye ii-sensors ezifakwe ngaphakathi. Indima yazo ibalulekile kubuchwepheshe obutsha, isayensi, kwanokunyuka kwamandla aluhlaza. Umzekelo omnye yiNorth Sea Link, intambo edlulisela amandla avuselelekayo phakathi kweNorway ne-UK, edibanisa zombini iintambo zamandla kunye nedatha kwinye.

Uphuhliso lonxibelelwano lwangaphantsi kolwandle

Unxibelelwano lwangaphantsi kolwandle lutshintshe unxibelelwano lwehlabathi. Lwavela kwiingcingo zobhedu lwaya kwi-fiber optics ekhawulezayo. Ubuchwepheshe bekhebula buqhubele phambili, buchaza uyilo lwentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuhamba kweengcinga.

Ixesha leTelegraph

Iintambo zokuqala zetelegraph ezingaphantsi kolwandle ziqala ngeminyaka yoo-1850. Ngo-1851, intambo enqumla i-English Channel yadibanisa iBritane neFransi. Ezi ntambo zentsimbi yobhedu ezigqunywe nge-gutta-percha zenza ukuba imiyalezo idluliselwe phakathi kwezizwe okokuqala. Kungekudala emva koko, intambo yokuqala enqumla i-Atlantic yafakwa ngo-1866, ihamba ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-3,000 ukusuka eIreland ukuya eNewfoundland. Yayithumela amagama ambalwa ngomzuzu, kodwa kwanaloo nto yayiluphuculo olukhulu ngaloo mihla.

Iingxaki zobugcisa zazixhaphakile. Ukuvuza kwamanzi, ukuqhekeka kweentambo, ukulahleka kwemiqondiso kuyo yonke indawo. Kwathabatha iiveki ukulungiswa. Sekunjalo, ngeminyaka yoo-1920, iintambo ezingaphezu kwama-20 zawela iAtlantiki, zenza uthungelwano lonxibelelwano lwehlabathi liphela. Ezi ntambo zetelegraph zavumela oorhulumente, abarhwebi, kunye neentsapho ukuba bahlale benxibelelana kwaye zavula indlela yeendlela eziphuculweyo zokuncokola ngaphesheya kolwandle.

Iminyaka yeCoaxial

Iintambo zatshintsha ukusuka kwikopolo ukuya kwi-coaxial ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Iintambo ze-coaxial zazinokuthwala iifowuni ezininzi ngaxeshanye kwaye zidlulisele amazwi kude kakhulu ngaphandle kokonakala kwesandi. Ii-repeaters, ezazikhulisa imiqondiso endleleni, zanceda ekwenzeni ezi ntambo zibe ngcono nangakumbi kwiincoko ezikude. Oku kwaguqulelwa kwiifowuni ezibukhali nezikhawulezayo phakathi kwamazwekazi.

Olu hlengahlengiso lwandise ukufikelela kumazwe amaninzi lwaza lwazisa ifowuni kwimimandla eyayikade ixhomekeke kwiitelegrafu. Iintambo zeCoaxial zenze lula ukongezwa kwemigca njengoko imfuno yayisanda. Isiseko sale teknoloji sasinceda ukuba sitsibele kwi-fiber optics kamva.

Uguquko Lokukhanya

Iintambo ze-fiber optic zafika ngeminyaka yoo-1980 zaza zatshintsha yonke into. Zidlulisela ukukhanya, hayi umbane, ngoko ke zinokudlulisela idatha eninzi kakhulu, ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Ngokungafaniyo neentambo ezindala, ziyawagxotha amanzi kunye nokulahleka kwesignali kwaye azifuni ukulungiswa kakhulu. Imizamo ye-Flagship efana ne-TAT-8, intambo yokuqala ye-fiber-optic ejikeleze iAtlantiki, yamisela ukuba ezi ntambo zaziza kuba zezexesha elizayo.

Namhlanje, iintambo eziphambili ezifana ne-MAREA zithutha idatha ngesantya esifikelela kwi-224 terabits ngomzuzwana, nto leyo evumela i-intanethi kwihlabathi liphela. Ziikhilomitha ezingamawaka ubude kwaye zifuna iinqanawa ezikhethekileyo ukuze zibekwe phantsi. Zidibanisa izigidi, zithengisa amafutha, kwaye zisenza sikwazi ukutshintshiselana ngeengcinga ngendlela abantu abasungula izinto ezintsha ababenokuyicinga ngayo.

Zenziwa njani iintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi komhlaba?

Nangona iintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi kwamanzi zidibanisa amazwekazi kwaye zisasaza phantse yonke idatha yehlabathi, ukwakhiwa kwazo kuxubene nezinto zakudala nezisemgangathweni. Le nkqubo ifuna ubunjineli obuqinileyo, imigangatho engqongqo kunye nentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe. Inyathelo ngalinye ukusuka kuyilo ukuya ekungcwatyweni kolwandle lenzelwe iintambo ezihlala amashumi eminyaka nzulu phantsi kolwandle.

1. Imephu yomgangatho wolwandle: Iinqanawa zophando zidwelisa umgangatho wolwandle ukuze zifumane iindlela ezikhuselekileyo ngelixa ziphepha iingozi ezifana neentaba-mlilo okanye imisele engaphantsi kwamanzi.

2. Uyilo lweentambo: Iinjineli zikhetha izinto ezisetyenziswayo zize zifake intambo emacaleni. Umbindi uqulethe imicu yobhedu okanye ye-optical, egqunywe yi-gutta-percha okanye iiplastiki eziphambili, kunye neengcingo zentsimbi okanye zentsimbi ngaphandle.

3. Ukwenziwa: Iifektri zakha intambo ngobude obukhulu, zijonga imitha nganye ukuba ayinazo iziphene. Kufakwa ezinye iileya ukuze zihlale ixesha elide kwaye zikhuseleke kuxinzelelo kunye netyuwa.

4. Iintambo eziqengqelekayo zilayishwa kwiinqanawa ezikhethekileyo ezifakela iintambo, ngamanye amaxesha zidlula iikhilomitha ezingama-2,000 ngexesha.

5. Ukubeka intambo: Inqanawa ihamba kancinci kwindlela edweliswe kwimephu, ibeka intambo elwandle. Ukuze kukhuselwe ngakumbi, kwiindawo ezingaphantsi kakhulu, intambo ifakwa emhlabeni.

6. Uvavanyo kunye nokulungiswa: Emva kokubeka, iinjineli ziyayivavanya intambo, zilungisa naziphi na iindawo eziqhekekileyo okanye ezibuthathaka. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kwenza ukuba iqhubeke kangangeminyaka emininzi.

Imigangatho yobunjineli inika ulwazi ngomsebenzi ngamnye onjalo. Ukuba ayisekho, iintambo zinokungaphumeleli kwangethuba. Imigangatho yanamhlanje igxininisa ukusebenza nokhuseleko, kwaye uhlaziyo lwemigangatho luhambelana nezisongelo ezintsha ezifana nemisinga yolwandle enamandla ngakumbi.

Ubuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka nokuphucula ukwakhiwa kweentambo. Iintambo ezindala bezisebenzisa irabha yaseIndiya kunye ne-gutta-percha. Ngoku, iiplastiki eziphambili kunye nentsimbi zinceda ekwenzeni iintambo zibe lula, zomelele, kwaye zihlale ixesha elide. I-fiber optics, etshintsha ubhedu, yenza idatha ikhule kwaye ilahleke kancinci.

Lo msebenzi ufuna intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe. Abasebenzi beenqanawa, iinjineli, izazinzulu, kunye noorhulumente bonke bayadibana. Zenziwa njani iintambo zasemanzini? Imveliso yokugqibela yinethiwekhi egcina ubukho bedijithali behlabathi.

Izinto ezingundoqo

Iintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi kolwandle ziqulathe izinto ezininzi eziphambili. Embindini wazo, ii-fiber optical zeglasi zithumela ulwazi njengee-pulses zokukhanya, zivumela izigidi zemiyalezo ukuba zijikeleze amazwekazi rhoqo ngomzuzwana. Ezi fiber zibuthathaka, ngoko ke zihlala ngaphakathi kwembindi yezinto ezihlala ixesha elide.

Uninzi lwentambo yenziwe ngesiseko sobhedu okanye sefayibha, esongelwe ngeengqimba ezifana ne-gutta-percha, i-latex yendalo. Namhlanje, kukho iiplastiki eziqinileyo kwiintambo. Iintambo zentsimbi okanye iKevlar, ezisebenza njengamalungu okuqina, zijikeleze isiseko. Zithintela intambo ukuba ingaqhekeki njengoko ibekwa okanye ibethwa yimisinga engaphantsi kwamanzi.

Kutheni uyilo lweentambo lubalulekile? Lulungelelanisa ukuguquguquka namandla, luvumela iintambo ukuba zigobe ngokweekhonkrithi zolwandle ngaphandle kokuqhekeka. Olu yilo lukhusela umongo woxinzelelo, ityuwa, kwanezidalwa zaselwandle ezinomdla.

Iileya eziKhuselayo

Ukubakho kwentambo phantsi kwamaza kunzima. Umaleko wangaphandle ungqindilili, ngamanye amaxesha ucingo lwentsimbi, ukukhusela amatye okanye ii-ankile. Emva koko kuza ukuthintela amanzi. Iintambo ezindala zazinerabha yaseIndiya. Namhlanje, iplastiki kunye netha zigcina amanzi engangeni.

Uninzi lweentambo zinekhaka lekopolo okanye le-aluminiyam ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka kwi-magnetic field yoMhlaba. Ngaphakathi, intsimbi eyongezelelweyo okanye ii-Kevlar wraps zinika amandla. Ezi layers zinceda iintambo ukuba zikwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo lwesanti etyumkileyo nejikayo.

Ukhuseleko alupheli ngeengqimba. Kumanzi angaphantsi, iintambo zintywiliselwa ngamanzi olwandle. Oku kuzikhusela kwiindlela zokuloba kunye nee-ankile zeenqanawa. Ngaphaya koko, apho ingozi incinci khona, iintambo zihlala zingenanto phantsi kolwandle.

Ezi zikhuselo zenza iintambo zihlale ixesha elide. Umaleko ngamnye kunye nenyathelo lokungcwaba zinceda iintambo ukuba zihlale zisebenza ixesha elide, kwanamashumi eminyaka, kwezinye iindawo ezishushu zolwandle.

Isayensi yezinto eziphathekayo

Isayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo itshintsha iintambo rhoqo emva kweminyaka eli-10. Iifayibha zeglasi zithumela idatha eninzi kakhulu kwaye azinalahleko ingako. Ii-cores ezindala zaziziithusi, kodwa iglasi ilula kwaye ayichaphazeleki lula kukugqwala. Iiplastiki ezintsha kunye nee-alloys zentsimbi ziyamelana nomonakalo ovela kwityuwa kunye nezilwanyana zaselwandle.

Ukufakwa kwezinto zokukhusela sele kuhambe indlela ende. Endaweni ye-gutta-percha, iintambo zanamhlanje zisebenzisa i-polyethylene okanye ezinye iiplastiki. Ezi zithintela ukungena kwamanzi kwaye zinciphisa ukuncitshiswa. Izinto zezixhobo, ezazikade ziyintsimbi nje, ngoku ziyimixube ekhethekileyo eyonyusa amandla ngaphandle kobunzima obongezelelekileyo.

Uphando lokulungisa lugcina iintambo ziphambili kancinci kuneengxaki. Iilabhoratri zivelisa izinto ezintsha zokugquma kunye neefayibha ukuze zikwazi ukumelana namanzi anzulu kunye nobuninzi bedatha enkulu. Uhlaziyo ngalunye lubonisa amakhonkco athembekileyo nakhawulezayo kwihlabathi liphela.

Imingeni yokusasazwa kunye nokugcinwa

Ngokuqinisekileyo, akulula ukusebenzisa iintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi kwamanzi. Kufuna ukuthunyelwa okucwangcisiweyo, amaqela azinikeleyo kunye netekhnoloji ekrelekrele ukuze ujoyine amazwekazi. Yinkqubo ende, ebandakanyekayo edla ngokufuna iinyanga okanye unyaka ukugqiba iprojekthi enye. Ezi ntambo zigubungela amawaka eekhilomitha ukusuka kumgangatho wolwandle, oko kuthetha ukuba isigaba ngasinye kufuneka senziwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuze kugcinwe inethiwekhi eqinileyo.

Inkqubo yoFakelo

Inyathelo lokuqala kukucwangcisa indlela yentambo — ukumapha ulwandle kunye nokukhetha indlela engenamngcipheko mkhulu. Nje ukuba igqityiwe, inqanawa yentambo izaliswe ziintambo ezinkulu ze-fiber optic. Le nkqubo ingathatha iiveki. Ezi nqanawa zisebenzisa oomatshini abanzima ukuhambisa intambo ngobuchule ngesantya esilinganayo malunga neekhilomitha ezili-100 ukuya kwezingama-200 imihla ngemihla. Ukuthunyelwa kunye nokugcinwa zezona ndawo zinzima. Ukuba intambo ikhululekile kakhulu okanye iqinile kakhulu, inokonakala okanye ibangele ukulahleka kwesignali ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Ulwandle alusoloko luhamba kakuhle. Imozulu, imisinga, kunye nomhlaba ongaphantsi kwamanzi zinokuma okanye zidale iingxaki ezintsha. Kwiindawo ezifana neArctic, amanzi abandayo anokwenza ukufakelwa kube nzima kangangeenyanga ezininzi. Yiyo loo nto iinjineli kufuneka zijonge iimeko kwaye zilungise izicwangciso ngokufanelekileyo.

Imisebenzi yoLungiso

Xa intambo iqhawuka, lixesha lokubaleka. Iinqanawa zokulungisa ezikhethekileyo ziyafika kwindawo yengozi zinezixhobo zokufumana indawo kunye nezixhobo zokuphakamisa intambo. Ukulandelela indawo echanekileyo yomonakalo kunzima kuba iintambo zinokuma amawaka eemitha ngaphantsi komphezulu. Nje ukuba zifumaneke, abasebenzi bayayitsala intambo, bayilungise baze bayibuyisele phantsi. Ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kugcina iinkonzo ze-intanethi kunye neefowuni zisebenza.

Ngamanye amaxesha, njengaxa kusenzeka izivunguvungu okanye iinyikima, iintambo ezininzi zinokonakala ngaxeshanye, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima. Isenzo esikhawulezileyo sinciphisa ukucima kwezixhobo, nto leyo ibalulekileyo kwimibutho nakubantu abaxhomekeke kwi-intanethi.

Izinto eziphathelele indalo

Izinto ezininzi ezifumaneka kwindalo zingonakalisa iintambo zolwandle. Nantsi uluhlu olufutshane lokukhangela:

• Iinyikima: Zingaqhawula okanye zihambise iintambo, ziphule uqhagamshelo.

• Ukuloba kunye nokubambelela: Imisebenzi yabantu inokutsala okanye inqumle iintambo ngempazamo.

• Imisinga yolwandle olujulileyo: Ukugeleza kwamanzi ngamandla kunokubangela ukuba iintambo zisuke kwindawo yazo.

• Utshintsho lobushushu: Iindawo ezibandayo kakhulu okanye ezishushu kakhulu zinokucinezela ulwakhiwo lwentambo.

• Izinto eziphilayo zaselwandle: Ezinye izilwanyana zingonakalisa iintambo ngokuziluma okanye ukuzikhuhla.

Ngaphambi kokuba kusetyenziswe iintambo, amaqela aphanda ulwandle ukuze abone ezi ngozi. Uphononongo lokusingqongileyo lunceda ekuchongeni iindlela ezikhuselekileyo kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo kwizilwanyana zasendle zaselwandle. Uzinzo lubalulekile kuba ukunyamekela ulwandle kunceda ezi ntambo zihlale ixesha elide kwaye zisebenze ixesha elide.

• Imizekelo yetekhnoloji eluncedo: * Izithuthi ezisebenza kude (ii-ROV) zokuhlola nokulungisa iintambo.

  • Iinkqubo zokubeka iinqanawa ngendlela enamandla ukuze zihlale zizinzile.

  • Izinzwa zokujonga ngexesha langempela ukulandelela impilo yekhebula.

  • Iintambo ezixhotyisiweyo kwiindawo ezirhabaxa okanye ezinobungozi ezingaphantsi kolwandle.

Ziziphi izinto ezisongela ubomi banamhlanje?

Njengoko iintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi kwamanzi ziyintsika yokutshintshiselana nge-intanethi kunye nedatha kwihlabathi liphela, ukubaluleka kwazo kuzenza zibe lixhoba leentlobo ngeentlobo zezoyikiso zanamhlanje, zombini ezibonakalayo nezedijithali. Ezi zoyikiso zinokuphazamisa izigidi zezoqoqosho, ukhuseleko, kunye nonxibelelwano lwemihla ngemihla.

Iingozi Zomzimba

Iinqanawa zokuloba, ii-ankile zokuthutha kunye nokwakhiwa konxweme zezona zinto zibangela iingxaki zeentambo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho ngaphezulu kwama-70% eziganeko. Xa inqanawa iwisa ii-ankile okanye ii-trawls kwiindawo zeentambo, inokukrazula okanye itsale i-fiber, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kuphele. Iintlekele zemvelo, ezifana neenyikima kunye nokudilika komhlaba phantsi kolwandle, zinokukrazula iintambo emanzini anzulu, nangona ezi zinqabile kakhulu.

Ukuqhawuka kweentambo rhoqo kuphazamisa kwaye kuqhawule unxibelelwano lwehlabathi, nto leyo enefuthe kwizimali, urhwebo, kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko. Ngamanye amaxesha, kwanamazwe onke awasebenzi kwi-intanethi kangangeeyure okanye iintsuku.

Ukunciphisa umngcipheko, iinkampani zifaka iintambo ezixhobileyo kufutshane nonxweme kwaye zilandelele iinqanawa zazo nge-GPS. Amaqela okujonga nokulungisa ngokukhawuleza ami ngomumo. Ihlabathi lixhomekeke kwiinqanawa ezimbalwa zokulungisa, ezininzi zazo ziphethwe ngamaTshayina. Ukuba ukufikelela akuvunyelwa ngexesha loxinzelelo lwezopolitiko, iintambo zinokuhlala zingalungiswa ixesha elide.

Isiganeko soLwandle lwaseBaltic sigxininisa indlela iintambo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi ezinokonakala ngayo okanye zonakaliswe ngengozi, apho unxibelelwano lweSweden ne-Estonia luphazamiseke ngaxeshanye njengombhobho wegesi okufutshane.

Ubuntlola be-cyber

Amazwe ebeya kugxila kwiintambo ezingaphantsi kolwandle ukuze afumane idatha enkulu ehamba phakathi kwamazwekazi. Kwanenkqubo yokulungisa nokulungisa ngokwayo, ingakumbi kwiPasifiki, ibeka umngcipheko. IQela lamaKomanisi laseTshayina, umzekelo, linokungena ngexesha elinjalo.

Idatha ebiweyo ingatyhila iimfihlo zomntu, zeshishini, okanye zikarhulumente. Oku kuphakamisa ukhuseleko lweentambo ukusuka kwingxaki yobugcisa ukuya kwingxaki yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukubethela okuqinileyo, ukwahlulwahlulwa, kunye nokubeka esweni rhoqo kuyanceda, kodwa ingozi ikhona.

Intsebenziswano yehlabathi ibalulekile. Xa amazwe esabelana ngolwazi kunye nemigangatho, kuba nzima ngakumbi kubahlaseli ukusebenzisa ubuthathaka. Ngenxa yokufikelela kwezi ntambo kwihlabathi liphela, sonke kufuneka sihlale silumkile.

Inqanaba lezelizwe kwezopolitiko

Kutheni amazwe esebenzisa iindlela zekhebula ukuze afumane inzuzo yeqhinga? Ulawulo lweentambo luguqulela ekubeni lulawulo lolwazi. Umzekelo, iRashiya, ibonakalise ngokuphandle ukuzimisela kwayo ukusebenzisa ubuthathaka beentambo njengesixhobo sokuxoxisana neNtshona.

Ubunini kunye nolawulo luqala phakathi kwabo malunga nokufikelela kunye nolawulo. Ibango leTshayina kwiSouth China Sea livale iindlela ezintsha zekhebula, ngelixa iindawo zokuxinana kuSouth China Sea kunye noLwandle oluBomvu zenza ezi ndawo zibe novakalelo ngakumbi.

Iintambo zenqanawa ezingaphantsi komhlaba zichaphazela ubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe, urhwebo, kunye nokhuseleko. Ulawulo lwabo luchaza imigaqo yehlabathi jikelele yokuhamba kwedijithali, kwaye ukhuphiswano lunokubangela ubutshaba, ngakumbi ukuba ilizwe lithintela okanye lisongela ukutshabalalisa i-intanethi.

Umthombo wobomi ongabonakaliyo kwezoqoqosho

Iintambo ze-fiber optic ezisetyenziswa phantsi kolwandle zezona zibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho. Zithutha phantse yonke i-intanethi yehlabathi, zidibanisa amazwekazi kunye namazwe kwaye zivumela urhwebo lwanamhlanje, iibhanki, kunye nonxibelelwano. Ezi ntambo zinwebeka amawaka eekhilomitha kwaye ziphumle ezantsi kolwandle. Zigcina unxibelelwano lwehlabathi lethu buthule. Asisoze sidibane uninzi lwazo, kodwa uya kufumana impembelelo yazo kuyo yonke indawo - ukusuka kurhwebo lwe-elektroniki eYurophu ukuya kukhathalelo lwempilo olukude eAfrika kunye norhwebo lwesitokhwe eAsia. Ngaphandle kwazo, ii-imeyile, iifowuni zevidiyo, kunye neebhanki zamazwe ngamazwe ziya kurhuqa ziye kutsho okanye ziyeke.

Bambalwa abantu abaqondayo ukuba zingakanani na iintambo zasemanzini ezisisiseko soqoqosho olungabonakaliyo kurhwebo lwehlabathi kunye norhwebo. Nanini na xa inkampani ithumela izivumelwano ngeposi, ibhanki idlulisela imali phesheya, okanye iqumrhu labelana ngedatha nabantu abasebenzisana nabo kwilizwe langaphandle, ezi ntambo ziyasebenza. Zinceda izigidigidi zeedola kwintengiselwano yonke imihla. Umzekelo, intambo enye edibanisa uMntla Melika neYurophu inokulawula izigidi zeefowuni, imijelo yevidiyo, kunye nokudluliselwa kwedatha ngaxeshanye. Iintambo zangaphantsi kolwandle zenzelwe ukuba zihlale ixesha elide, zihlala iminyaka engamashumi amabini okanye ngaphezulu, kodwa zihlala zisengozini. Izivuthuvuthu, iinyikima, kwaneenqanawa zinokuzonakalisa kwaye ziphule ngengozi. Njengoko urhwebo lwehlabathi lusanda, uxinzelelo kwezi ntambo luyanda.

Ezi ntambo azincedi nje amashishini kuphela. Zinceda abantu kuyo yonke indawo ukuba bafumane ulwazi olukhawulezayo kunye neenkonzo. Nokuba ngumfundi waseMzantsi Melika othatha ikhosi kwi-intanethi okanye ishishini elincinci laseAsia elithengisa eYurophu, iintambo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi ziyakwenza oku. Ukufakwa kweentambo ezintsha kuhamba kancinci, kuthatha iinyanga okanye unyaka, kuba ukubeka iintambo phantsi kolwandle ngumsebenzi onzima. Ezi ntambo zisengozini yokuhlaselwa, ubugrogrisi, kwanokuhlaselwa okuxhaswe ngurhulumente. Ukunqunyulwa kube kanye kunokubangela ukunqunyulwa kuyo yonke indawo, kunye nemiphumo kwihlabathi liphela.

Imfuno yedatha iyanda nje. INetflix, i-AWS, kunye noqoqosho olutsha zifuna ulwazi olungakumbi olungaphantsi kolwazi. Ukuze kuqhubekeke, iintambo ezintsha zibalulekile, kwaye ukhuseleko oluphuculweyo lubalulekile. Iitekhnoloji ezifana nokubona i-fiber-optic zinokujonga iingozi ngexesha langempela, zivumela iingxaki ukuba zifunyanwe kwaye zimiswe ngaphambi kokuba zisasazeke.

Isiphelo

Iintlobo zeentambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi kwamanzi. Zinwebeka kangangeekhilomitha ezingamawaka phantsi kolwandle. Ezi ziintlobo zeentambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi kwamanzi ezitshintsha amazinga edatha amakhulu rhoqo ngomzuzwana. Iinqanawa, oomatshini, kunye namaqela eengcali zisebenzisa kwaye zilungisa ezi ntambo. Imozulu, amanzi anzulu, kwanobomi baselwandle zinokubangela iingxaki, kwaye abantu bazisombulula. Ezi ntambo zenza kube lula urhwebo, incoko, kunye nonxibelelwano lwabantu kuzo zonke iintlanga. Cinga ngendlela esinokuthumela ngayo imiyalezo okanye sibukele i-flick ngokukhawuleza. Konke oku kuxhomekeke kwezi ntambo zinamandla neziyimfihlo. Ukuba ufuna ukuqhubeka nobuchwepheshe obutsha, bukela ezi ntambo zitshintsha. Ibali lentambo engaphantsi kolwandle liya likhula. Qhubeka uzibuza kwaye ufumane ukuba isahluko esilandelayo siza kutyhila ntoni.

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho

Ziziphi iintlobo eziphambili zeentambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi kwamanzi?

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili: iintambo eziphindaphindwayo nezingaphindiwayo. Iintambo eziphindaphindwayo zinezixhobo zokunyusa isignali rhoqo emva kweekhilomitha ezimbalwa, nto leyo evumela ukuba zihambe kangangeekhilomitha ezingamawaka. Iintambo ezingaphindiwayo azinazo izixhobo zokunyusa kwaye zihlala zingamakhulu eekhilomitha ubude.

Iintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi kwamanzi zidlulisela njani idatha?

Ezi ntambo zisebenzisa ii-light pulses ukuhambisa imiqondiso yedijithali kwiifayibha zeglasi. Ukukhanya kuhamba phakathi kweefayibha, okuvumela ukudluliselwa kwedatha okukhawulezayo nokuthembekileyo phakathi kwamazwekazi.

Kutheni ii-repeaters zibalulekile kwiintambo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi?

Iziphindaphindi ziyandisa isignali ye-optical rhoqo emva kweekhilomitha ezingama-50 ukuya kwezili-100. Oku kugcina isignali inamandla kumgama omkhulu wolwandle kwaye kuthintela ukuwohloka.

Zeziphi izinto ezikhusela iintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi kwamanzi?

Iintambo zigqunywe ziingqimba ezifana nocingo lwentsimbi, ukuthintela amanzi, kunye ne-polyethylene. Ezi ngqimba zikhusela emanzini, uxinzelelo, kunye nomonakalo ovela elwandle.

Iintambo ezisetyenziswa ngaphantsi kwamanzi zifakwa njani phantsi kwamanzi?

Iinqanawa ezikhethekileyo zifaka iintambo phantsi kolwandle. Yinkqubo ecwangciswe ngononophelo eyenzelwe ukunqanda ingozi nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza rhoqo kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ziziphi izinto eziyingozi kakhulu kwiintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi kwamanzi?

Izisongelo ziquka ukuloba, iinqanawa ezixhonyiweyo, iintlekele zemvelo, kunye nokonakalisa ngabom. Ezi zinokwahlukanisa iintambo kwaye ziphazamise unxibelelwano lwehlabathi.

Kutheni iintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphantsi kwamanzi zibalulekile kuqoqosho?

Banoxanduva lwedatha engaphezulu kwama-95% yamazwe ngamazwe. Ezi ntambo zikhuselekileyo nezithembekileyo zinceda ushishino lwehlabathi, ezezimali, kunye nonxibelelwano kwaye zixhasa uqoqosho kwihlabathi liphela.