Izintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kwamanzi zingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa izintambo ezihlomile, ezingahlomile, eziphindaphindwayo, ezingaphindiwe, kanye nezintambo ezikhethekile ngokusekelwe endaweni yazo kanye nenhloso yazo.

Izintambo ze-fiber optic ezivikelwe zinikeza ungqimba olwengeziwe lwesivikelo futhi zisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinzima noma ezinamadwala. Izintambo ze-fiber optic ezingenazikhali zishibhile futhi zifanelekela amanzi athule najulile, futhi zidinga ukunakekelwa ngokucophelela.

Izinhlelo eziphindaphindwayo zikhulisa izimpawu emazwenikazi, kuyilapho izinhlelo ezingaphindaphindwayo zimboza imizila emifushane futhi zinciphisa izindleko zephrojekthi.

Okukhethekile izintambo ze-fiber optic zasolwandle ucwaningo lwesayensi kanye nokudluliselwa kwamandla kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha emhlabeni jikelele.

Kusukela ku-telegraph kuya ku-fiber optic cables, kwashintsha ukuxhumana komhlaba wonke, kwenza ukuxhumana kwamazwe ngamazwe kusheshe, kuthembeke kakhudlwana, futhi kubalulekile ekukhuleni komnotho.

Ukuze kube namanethiwekhi omhlaba wonke aqinile futhi aphephile, ukunqoba izithiyo zokuthunyelwa, ukuvikela izintambo ezinsongweni ezivelayo kanye nokuzibophezela ekulungiseni nasekusunguleni izinto ezintsha kubalulekile.

Izintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kwamanzi ziyahlukahluka ngohlobo futhi zingahlukaniswa njenge-single-mode noma multi-mode, ezihlomile noma ezingahlomile, neziphindaphindwayo noma ezingaphindiwe. Lezi zintambo zilele phansi kolwandle ukuze zixhumanise amazwekazi futhi zilethe ulwazi oluningi phakathi kwezizwe. Izintambo ze-single-mode zisebenza kahle kakhulu emabangeni amade, kanti izintambo ze-multi-mode zisetshenziswa emizileni emifushane. Izintambo ezihlomile zifaka izendlalelo ezengeziwe zokuvikela ekulimaleni okuvela emadwaleni noma ekudobeni, kanti izintambo ezingezona ezihlomile zilula kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni olwandle olujulile. Izintambo ezimbalwa zisebenzisa iziphindi ukukhulisa izimpawu ezinkulungwaneni zamakhilomitha, kanti ezinye zisebenza ngaphandle kweziphindi ukuxhumanisa okufushane. Ukuqonda izinhlobo kusiza ekukhetheni ikhebula elifanele lomzila ngamunye wolwandle. Inqwaba engezansi izochaza ukuthi ikhebula ngalinye lihlangabezana kanjani nezidingo zomhlaba wonke.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zezintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kwamanzi?

Izintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kwamanzi zitholakala ngezimo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, zenzelwe ukuhambisana nemisebenzi nezindawo ezahlukahlukene. Zisebenza ngaphansi kolwandle nolwandle, zixhuma amazwekazi, iziqhingi, nezifunda ezisogwini. Kunezinhlobo eziningana eziyinhloko njengezintambo ezinqamula olwandle, ezinqamula izwekazi, kanye nezindawo ezisogwini, zonke ziyahlukahluka ngobude nangenhloso. Ngaphansi kobuso, umehluko wazo oyinhloko usekwakhekeni kwazo, ama-sheath okuvikela, kanye nendlela yokudlulisa idatha emabangeni amade. Ezinye zithembele kuma-repeater ukuze zilondoloze amandla esignali, kanti ezinye ziqondile kakhulu futhi zisebenza kahle emabangeni amafushane. Ikhebula olikhethayo lithinta okungaphezu nje kokusebenza; lithinta izindleko, ukuqina, kanye nezidingo zokulungisa.

1. Izintambo ze-Armored Fiber Optic

Izintambo ze-fiber optic ezivikelwe Sebenzisa izintambo zensimbi noma amatheyipu ensimbi ukuvikela i-fiber yangaphakathi ezingozini ezinonya njengezikhonkwane, izinto zokudoba, kanye nolwandle olunamadwala. Le ngxenye yangaphandle eqinile inegalelo lesisindo kanye nobukhulu futhi yenza ikhebula likwazi ukumelana nokuguguleka ezindaweni ezisengozini lapho ingozi yokulimala inkulu khona. Ngokuvamile uzothola izintambo ezivikelwe ezindaweni eziqongweni eziphakeme, eduze nogu, noma ngaphezu kwezindawo ezinamadwala zamakhorali noma amatshe.

Izintambo ezihlomile zibiza kakhulu ukuzakha nokuzisebenzisa kunezintambo ezilula. Ukuqina okwandisiwe kuveza imicimbi embalwa yokulungisa nokucima. Igobolondo lazo elijiyile lisho amaphutha ambalwa kanye nempilo ende yokusebenza, okwenza zibe ukukhetha okuhlakaniphile kwemisebenzi enzima.

2. Izintambo ze-Fiber Optic Ezingenazikhali

Izintambo ze-fiber optic ezingahlomile zilula futhi kulula ukuzisebenzisa. Zilahla izivikelo zensimbi esindayo futhi zihamba ngezendlalelo ezijwayelekile kuphela zokuvikela i-fiber. Lokhu kuzenza zishibhile futhi zisheshe ukuzibeka, ibhonasi yolwandle olulula, olunesihlabathi lapho izingozi zincane khona.

Ziyakhazimula lapho isabelomali siphansi khona noma lapho ulwandle luthambile khona. Lezi zintambo zingalimala kalula uma zishaywa yizikhonkwane zokudoba noma zemikhumbi. Ukulungisa kuba nzima uma kwenzeka ikhefu, njengoba ukulungiswa kwamanzi ajulile kudinga isikhathi kanye nobuchwepheshe.

3. Izinhlelo Eziphindaphindwayo

Izinhlelo eziphindaphindwayo zisebenzisa amadivayisi akhethekile aziwa ngokuthi ama-repeater ukuze akhulise amasignali abuthakathaka kuyo yonke ikhebula. Atholakala ngezikhathi ezithile, la ma-repeater abamba amasignali optical futhi awavuselele abuyele emandleni aphelele, okwenza ulwazi lukwazi ukuwela izilwandle ngaphandle kokuwohloka.

Lobu buchwepheshe busivumele ukuthi sithumele izimpawu ngokushesha nangokucacile ezinkulungwaneni zamakhilomitha, okulungele imisebenzi enqamula olwandle. Ama-repeater ayabiza futhi adinga ukulungiswa. Uma eyodwa yehluleka, ukuyilungisa kuthatha isikhathi futhi kuyabiza, njengoba amaqembu okulungisa kufanele aphakamise ikhebula olwandle olujulile.

4. Izinhlelo Ezingaphindwanga

Izinhlelo ezingaphindaphindwayo zigwema ama-repeater, esikhundleni salokho zincike ekukhanyeni okunamandla ngaphambili kanye nama-receiver azwelayo ngemuva. Lezi zilungele ama-short hops ngaphesheya kwama-bay, phakathi kweziqhingi, noma ogwini.

Njengoba kungekho sidingo sama-repeater, ikhebula lilula, lilula, futhi lingabizi kakhulu. Amaphutha akhona ngoba isignali iyancipha ngemva kwamakhilomitha ambalwa, ngakho ayikwazi ukuwela ulwandle. Izindawo eziningi ezinabantu abaningi zisebenzisa izintambo ezingaphindiwe ukuze zixhumanise indawo, njengoLwandle iMedithera noma iBaltic.

5. Amakhebula Akhethekile

• Izintambo zikagesi ezisebenzisa umkhumbi-ngwenya zithutha ugesi ngaphansi kwamanzi, ngokuvamile emapulazini omoya asogwini lolwandle.

• Izintambo zocwaningo zithwala idatha namandla kuya ezinzwa zolwandle ukuze kuhlolwe isimo sezulu noma ukuzamazama komhlaba.

• Izintambo ze-hybrid zihlanganisa izintambo ze-fiber optic nezintambo zikagesi zemishini yokumba uwoyela noma iziqhingi ezikude.

• Izintambo zokuzivikela ziyizintambo ezivikelekile ezenzelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezempi noma amaphrojekthi kahulumeni.

Zonke lezi zintambo zivame ukusebenzisa imiklamo eyenzelwe wena enezivikelo ezengeziwe, izembozo ezikhethekile noma izinzwa ezifakiwe. Indima yazo ibalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe obusha, isayensi, ngisho nasekukhuphukeni kwamandla aluhlaza. Isibonelo esisodwa yiNorth Sea Link, ikhebula elidlulisela amandla avuselelekayo phakathi kweNorway ne-UK, elihlanganisa kokubili imicu yamandla nedatha kube yinye.

Ukuthuthuka kokuxhumana ngaphansi kolwandle

Ukuxhumana ngaphansi kolwandle kushintshe ukuxhumana komhlaba wonke. Kwashintsha kusuka ezintanjeni zethusi kuya kuma-fiber optics asheshayo. Ubuchwepheshe bekhebula buqhubekele phambili, buchaza ukwakheka kokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokugeleza kwemibono.

Isikhathi se-Telegraph

Izintambo zokuqala ze-telegraph ezingaphansi kolwandle zisukela eminyakeni yawo-1850. Ngo-1851, intambo enqamula i-English Channel yaxhuma iBrithani neFrance. Lezi zintambo zethusi eziboshwe nge-gutta-percha zenza imiyalezo yadluliselwa phakathi kwezizwe okokuqala ngqa. Kungekudala ngemva kwalokho, intambo yokuqala ye-transatlantic yafakwa ngo-1866, igijima amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-3,000 ukusuka e-Ireland kuya eNewfoundland. Yayidlulisela amagama ambalwa ngomzuzu, kodwa ngisho nalokho kwakuyintuthuko enkulu ngalezo zinsuku.

Izinkinga zobuchwepheshe zazisakazeke kabanzi. Ukuvuza kwamanzi, ukuphuka kwekhebula, ukulahleka kwesignali yonke indawo. Kwathatha amasonto ukulungisa. Kodwa-ke ngawo-1920, izintambo ezingaphezu kuka-20 zawela i-Atlantic, zahlanganisa inethiwekhi yokuxhumana emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zintambo ze-telegraph zavumela ohulumeni, abahwebi, kanye nemindeni ukuthi bahlale bexhumana futhi zavula indlela yezindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokuxoxa ngaphesheya kolwandle.

Iminyaka ye-Coaxial

Izintambo zashintsha kusukela ethusini zaya kwe-coaxial ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Izintambo ze-coaxial zazikwazi ukuthwala izingcingo eziningi ngasikhathi sinye futhi zidlulisele amazwi kude kakhulu ngaphandle kokwehla komsindo. Ama-repeater, akhulisa izimpawu endleleni, asiza ukwenza lezi zintambo zibe ngcono nakakhulu ezingxoxweni ezikude. Lokhu kwaholela ekushayweni kwezingcingo okuqinile nokusheshayo phakathi kwamazwekazi.

Lokhu kulungiswa kwandise ukufinyelela emazweni amaningi futhi kwaletha ucingo ezifundeni ezazithembele kuma-telegraph ngaphambilini. Izintambo ze-coaxial zenze kwaba lula ukungezwa kwemigqa njengoba isidingo sanda. Isisekelo salobu buchwepheshe sasenza sakwazi ukugxuma siye kuma-fiber optics kamuva.

I-Optical Revolution

Izintambo ze-fiber optic zafika ngawo-1980 futhi zashintsha yonke into. Zidlulisela ukukhanya, hhayi ugesi, ngakho-ke zingadlulisela idatha eningi kakhulu, ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngokungafani nezintambo ezindala, zixosha ukulahleka kwamanzi kanye nesiginali futhi zidinga ukunakekelwa okuncane. Imizamo ye-Flagship efana ne-TAT-8, ikhebula lokuqala le-fiber optic elisakazeke kulo lonke i-Atlantic, yasungula ukuthi lezi zintambo zaziyikusasa.

Namuhla, izintambo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezifana ne-MAREA zithutha idatha ngesivinini esingafika kuma-terabits angu-224 ngomzuzwana, okwenza i-inthanethi ifinyeleleke emhlabeni wonke. Ziyizinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ubude futhi zidinga imikhumbi ekhethekile ukuze izibeke phansi. Zixhumanisa izigidi, ukuhweba ngophethiloli, futhi zisenza sikwazi ukushintshana ngemicabango ngezindlela abasunguli besikhathi esidlule ababengazicabanga kuphela.

Zakhiwa kanjani izintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kolwandle?

Nakuba izintambo ze-fiber optic zasemanzini zixhuma amazwekazi futhi zidlulisa cishe yonke idatha yomhlaba wonke, ukwakhiwa kwazo kuyinhlanganisela yezinto zakudala nezisezingeni eliphezulu. Le nqubo idinga ubunjiniyela obuqinile, amazinga aqinile kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Isinyathelo ngasinye kusukela ekwakhiweni kuya ekungcwatshweni kolwandle senzelwe izintambo ezihlala amashumi eminyaka zijule ngaphansi kolwandle.

1. Ukumapha phansi kolwandle: Imikhumbi yokuhlola ihlela phansi kolwandle ukuthola izindlela eziphephile ngenkathi igwema izingozi ezifana nezintaba-mlilo ezingaphansi kwamanzi noma imisele.

2. Umklamo wekhebula: Onjiniyela bakhetha izinto zokwakha bese befaka ikhebula engqenqemeni. Ingaphakathi liqukethe imicu yethusi noma ye-optical, egoqwe nge-gutta-percha noma ipulasitiki ethuthukisiwe, enezintambo zensimbi noma zensimbi ngaphandle.

3. Ukukhiqiza: Amafektri akha ikhebula ngobude obukhulu, ehlola yonke imitha ukuthi ayinazo yini izinkinga. Kusetshenziswa izendlalelo ezengeziwe ukuze kuhlale isikhathi eside futhi kuvikelwe ekucindezelweni kanye nosawoti.

4. Amaqoqo ezintambo alayishwa emikhunjini ekhethekile yokufaka izintambo, ngezinye izikhathi angaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-2,000 ngesikhathi.

5. Ukubeka ikhebula: Umkhumbi uhamba kancane kancane endleleni ehlelwe kumephu, ubeka ikhebula phansi kolwandle. Ukuze uthole isivikelo esengeziwe, ezindaweni ezingajulile, ikhebula liyalinywa lingene emhlabathini.

6. Ukuhlolwa nokulungiswa: Ngemva kokufakwa, onjiniyela bahlola ikhebula, balungise noma yikuphi ukuphuka noma izindawo ezibuthakathaka. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwenza liqhubeke amashumi eminyaka.

Izindinganiso zobunjiniyela ziqondisa umsebenzi ngamunye onjalo. Uma zingekho, izintambo zivame ukwehluleka kusenesikhathi. Izindinganiso zanamuhla zigcizelela ukusebenza nokuphepha, kanti izibuyekezo zezindinganiso zihambisana nezinsongo ezintsha njengemisinga yolwandle enamandla kakhulu.

Ubuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ukwakhiwa kwezintambo. Izintambo ezindala zazisebenzisa irabha yaseNdiya kanye ne-gutta-percha. Manje, amapulasitiki athuthukile kanye nensimbi kusiza ukwenza izintambo zibe lula, ziqine, futhi zihlale isikhathi eside. I-fiber optics, eshintsha ithusi, ivumela idatha eyengeziwe kanye nokulahleka okuncane kwesignali.

Lo msebenzi udinga ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Abasebenzi bemikhumbi, onjiniyela, ososayensi, kanye nohulumeni bonke bahlangana. Zenziwa kanjani izintambo zasemanzini? Umkhiqizo wokugcina uyinethiwekhi esekela ukuba khona kwedijithali komhlaba.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko

Izintambo ze-fiber optic zangaphansi kolwandle zakhiwe yizingxenye eziningana ezinkulu. Embindini wazo, izintambo ze-glass optical zidlulisela ulwazi njenge-pulse yokukhanya, okuvumela izigidigidi zemiyalezo ukuthi zizulazule kuwo wonke amazwekazi njalo ngomzuzwana. Lezi zintambo zithambile, ngakho zihlala ngaphakathi kwembindi yezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside.

Iningi lekhebula lakhiwe nge-core yethusi noma i-fiber optic, egoqwe ngezingqimba ezifana ne-gutta-percha, i-latex yemvelo. Namuhla, kunepulasitiki eqinile ezintanjeni. Izintambo zensimbi noma i-Kevlar, ezisebenza njengamalungu okuqina, zizungeze i-core. Zivimbela ikhebula ukuthi lingaqhekeki njengoba libekwa noma lishaywa yiziphepho zamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi.

Kungani ukwakheka kwekhebula kubalulekile. Kulinganisa ukuguquguquka namandla, okuvumela izintambo ukuthi zigobe ngokuhambisana nemingcele yolwandle ngaphandle kokuqhekeka. Lo mklamo uvikela umongo ekucindezelweni, usawoti, ngisho nezidalwa zasolwandle ezifuna ukwazi.

Izendlalelo Ezivikelayo

Ukuba khona kwekhebula ngaphansi kwamagagasi kunzima. Ungqimba lwangaphandle luwugqinsi, ngezinye izikhathi luyintambo yensimbi, ukuvikela emadwaleni noma ezinsikeni. Bese kuba ukuvimbela amanzi. Izintambo ezindala zazinerabha yaseNdiya. Namuhla, ipulasitiki netiyela kuvimbela amanzi ukungena.

Izintambo eziningi zinesivikelo sethusi noma se-aluminium ukuvimba ukuphazamiseka okuvela ensimini yamagnetic yoMhlaba. Ngaphakathi, izinsimbi ezengeziwe noma i-Kevlar wraps zinikeza amandla. Lezi zendlalelo zisiza izintambo ukuthi zikwazi ukumelana nengcindezi yesihlabathi esichotshozayo nesishintshashintshayo.

Ukuvikelwa akupheli ngezingqimba. Emanzini angajulile, izintambo zicwiliswa ngamageja olwandle. Lokhu kuzivikela emathangeni okudoba kanye nasezikhonkwaneni zemikhumbi. Ngaphansi, lapho ingozi incane khona, izintambo zilala phansi olwandle.

Lezi zihlangu zenza izintambo zihlale isikhathi eside. Isendlalelo ngasinye kanye nesinyathelo sokungcwaba kusiza izintambo ukuthi zihlale zisebenza isikhathi eside, ngisho namashumi eminyaka, kwezinye izindawo ezisogwini lolwandle.

Isayensi Yezinto Ezibonakalayo

Isayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo ishintsha amakhebula njalo eminyakeni eyi-10. Imicu yengilazi idlulisela idatha eningi kakhulu ngokulahlekelwa okuncane kakhulu. Ama-core amadala ayeyithusi, kodwa ingilazi ilula futhi ayisengozini yokugqwala. Amapulasitiki amasha kanye nezinsimbi ezihlanganisiwe zimelana nomonakalo ovela kusawoti kanye nezilwane zasolwandle.

Ukuvikela ukushisa sekuhambe ibanga elide. Esikhundleni se-gutta-percha, izintambo zesimanje zisebenzisa i-polyethylene noma ezinye ipulasitiki. Lokhu kuvimbela ukungena kwamanzi futhi kunciphisa ukuncishiswa. Izinto zempi, ezazike zaba yinsimbi elula, manje seziyingxube ekhethekile ekhulisa amandla ngaphandle kwesisindo esengeziwe.

Ucwaningo lokulungisa lugcina izintambo ziphambi kwenkinga ngesinyathelo esisodwa. Amalebhu asungula izembozo ezintsha kanye nemicu ukuze zikwazi ukumelana namanzi ajulile kanye nenani elikhulu ledatha. Ukuthuthukiswa ngakunye kusho izixhumanisi ezithembeke kakhulu nezisheshayo emhlabeni wonke.

Izinselele zokuthunyelwa kanye nokugcinwa kwezindawo

Ngokuqinisekile, akulula ukusebenzisa izintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Kudinga ukuthunyelwa okunesu, amaqembu azinikele kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile ukuze ujoyine amazwekazi. Kuyinqubo ende, ehilelekile evame ukudinga izinyanga noma ngisho nonyaka ukuqeda iphrojekthi eyodwa nje. Izintambo zidlula izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha phansi kolwandle, okusho ukuthi isigaba ngasinye sidinga ukwenziwa kahle ukuze kulondolozwe inethiwekhi eqinile.

Inqubo Yokufaka

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuhlela indlela yekhebula — ukumaka phansi kolwandle nokukhetha indlela engenabungozi obukhulu. Uma sekuqediwe, umkhumbi wekhebula ugcwala izinqwaba ezinkulu zekhebula le-fiber optic. Le nqubo ingathatha amasonto. Le mikhumbi isebenzisa imishini esindayo ukuze ifake ikhebula ngobunono ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha ayi-100 kuya kwangu-200 nsuku zonke. Ukuthunyelwa nokugcinwa yizingxenye eziqinile. Uma ikhebula likhululekile kakhulu noma liqinile kakhulu, lingase lonakale noma libangele ukulahleka kwesiginali kamuva.

Ulwandle aluhlali lubushelelezi. Isimo sezulu, imisinga, kanye nomhlaba ongaphansi kwamanzi kungavimba noma kudale izinkinga ezintsha. Ezindaweni ezifana ne-Arctic, amanzi aqandisiwe angenza ukufakwa kube nzima izinyanga eziningi. Yingakho onjiniyela kudingeka baqaphe izimo futhi bashintshe amapulani ngokufanele.

Imisebenzi Yokulungisa

Uma ikhebula liqhuma, sekuyisikhathi sokuhamba. Imikhumbi yokulungisa ekhethekile iya endaweni yesigameko ngemishini yokuthola indawo kanye namathuluzi okuphakamisa ikhebula. Ukulandelela indawo eqondile yomonakalo kunzima ngoba izintambo zingase zihlale izinkulungwane zamamitha ngaphansi komhlaba. Uma sezitholakala, abasebenzi bayayidonsa ikhebula, balilungise bese beliphonsa phansi. Ukulungiswa okusheshayo kugcina izinsizakalo ze-inthanethi nezingcingo zisebenza kahle.

Ngezinye izikhathi, njengalapho kugadla iziphepho noma ukuzamazama komhlaba, izintambo eziningi zingalimala ngasikhathi sinye, okwandisa ubunzima. Isenzo esisheshayo sinciphisa ukungasebenzi, okubalulekile ezinhlanganweni nakubantu ngabanye abathembele kuwebhu.

Izici Zemvelo

Izinto eziningi laphaya emvelweni zingalimaza izintambo zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Nasi uhlu lokuhlola olusheshayo:

• Ukuzamazama komhlaba: Kunganqamula noma kuhambise izintambo, kuphule uxhumano.

• Ukudoba nokubopha: Imisebenzi yabantu ingadonsa noma inqume izintambo ngephutha.

• Imisinga yolwandle olujulile: Ukugeleza okunamandla kungasusa izintambo endaweni yazo.

• Izinguquko zokushisa: Izindawo ezibandayo kakhulu noma ezishisayo zingacindezela isakhiwo sekhebula.

• Izilwane zasolwandle: Ezinye izilwane zingalimaza izintambo ngokuziluma noma ngokuzihlikihla.

Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izintambo, amaqembu acwaninga olwandle ukuze athole lezi zingozi. Ukubuyekezwa kwemvelo kusiza ekuboneni imizila ephephile kanye nokunciphisa umthelela ezilwaneni zasendle zasolwandle. Ukusimama kubalulekile ngoba ukunakekela ulwandle kusiza lezi zintambo ukuthi zihlale isikhathi eside futhi zisebenze isikhathi eside.

• Izibonelo zobuchwepheshe obuwusizo: * Izimoto Ezisebenza Kude (ama-ROV) zokuhlola nokulungisa ikhebula.

  • Izinhlelo zokubeka imikhumbi eziguquguqukayo ukuze ihlale iqinile.

  • Izinzwa zokuqapha zesikhathi sangempela ukulandelela impilo yekhebula.

  • Izintambo ezivikelwe zezindawo ezisogwini lolwandle ezinzima noma eziyingozi.

Yiziphi izinsongo zanamuhla?

Njengoba izintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kwamanzi ziyinsika yokushintshana kwe-inthanethi nedatha emhlabeni wonke, ukubaluleka kwazo kuzenza zibe yisisulu sezinsongo ezahlukahlukene zanamuhla, ezingokoqobo nezedijithali. Lezi zinsongo zingaphazamisa izigidi zezomnotho, ezokuphepha, kanye nokuxhumana kwansuku zonke.

Izinsongo Ezingokomzimba

Imikhumbi yokudoba ngamanetha, ama-anchor okuthutha kanye nokwakhiwa kogu yizona zimbangela ezinkulu zamaphutha ekhebula, okubangela ngaphezu kuka-70% wezehlakalo. Lapho umkhumbi uphonsa amanetha e-anchor noma ama-trawl ezindaweni zekhebula, ungaphula noma udonse i-fiber, okubangela ukungasebenzi kahle. Izinhlekelele zemvelo, njengokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nokudilika komhlaba ngaphansi kolwandle, zingaphula izintambo emanzini ajulile, yize lokhu kungavamile kakhulu.

Ukunqamuka kwekhebula kuvame ukuphazamisa futhi kunqamule ukuxhumana komhlaba wonke, okunomthelela kwezezimali, ezohwebo, kanye nezinsizakalo eziphuthumayo. Ngezinye izikhathi, ngisho namazwe aphelele awasebenzi ku-inthanethi amahora noma izinsuku.

Ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi, izinkampani zifaka izintambo ezivikelwe eduze nogu futhi zilandelele imikhumbi yazo nge-GPS. Abasebenzi bokuqapha kanye nokulungisa ngokushesha bakulungele. Umhlaba uthembele emikhunjini embalwa yokulungisa, eminingi yayo ephethwe ngabaseShayina. Uma ukufinyelela kwenqatshwa ngesikhathi sokungezwani kwezepolitiki, izintambo zingahlala zingalungiswa isikhathi eside.

Umcimbi woLwandle iBaltic uqokomisa indlela izintambo zangaphansi kwamanzi ezingalinyazwa ngayo noma zilimale ngokungahlosile, lapho ukuxhumana kweSweden ne-Estonia kuphazamiseke ngesikhathi esisodwa njengombhobho wegesi oseduze.

Ubunhloli be-Cyber

Amazwe azogxila ezintanjeni zangaphansi kolwandle ukuze athole idatha enkulu egeleza phakathi kwamazwekazi. Ngisho nenqubo yokulungisa nokulungisa ngokwayo, ikakhulukazi ePacific, iletha usongo. Iqembu lamaKhomanisi laseShayina, isibonelo, lingangena phakathi nalezo zikhawu.

Idatha eyebiwe ingadalula izimfihlo zomuntu siqu, zebhizinisi, noma zikahulumeni. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuphepha kwekhebula kusuka ekukhathazekeni kobuchwepheshe kuya ekukhathazekeni kokuphepha kwezwe. Ukubethela okuqinile, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye nokuqapha okuqhubekayo kuyasiza, kodwa ingozi ikhona njalo.

Ukubambisana komhlaba wonke kubalulekile. Uma amazwe abelana ngobuhlakani nezindinganiso, kuba nzima kakhulu ngabahlaseli ukusebenzisa ubuthakathaka. Njengoba lezi zintambo zifinyeleleka emhlabeni wonke, sonke sidinga ukuhlala siqaphile.

Inzuzo ye-Geopolitical

Kungani amazwe esebenzisa imizila yekhebula ukuze athole inzuzo yamasu? Ukulawula izintambo kuhunyushwa kube ukulawula ulwazi. I-Russia, isibonelo, ibonise obala ukuzimisela kwayo ukusebenzisa ubuthakathaka bekhebula njengendlela yokuxoxisana neNtshonalanga.

Ubunikazi nokulawula kuyavutha phakathi kwabo ngenxa yokufinyelela nokulawula. Isimangalo seShayina soLwandle iSouth China sivimbe imizila emisha yekhebula, kuyilapho izindawo zokuminyana oLwandle iSouth China noLwandle Olubomvu zenza lezi zindawo zibe bucayi kakhulu.

Izintambo zangaphansi kolwandle zithinta ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, ukuhweba, kanye nokuvikeleka. Ukubusa kwabo kuchaza imithetho yomhlaba wonke yokugeleza kwedijithali, futhi ukuncintisana kungadala ubutha, ikakhulukazi uma izwe livimbela noma lisongela ukucekela phansi i-inthanethi.

Umzila wezomnotho ongabonakali

Izintambo ze-fiber optic zasemanzini ziyindlela yangempela yokusiza kwezomnotho. Zithutha cishe yonke ithrafikhi yewebhu yomhlaba wonke, zixhumanisa amazwekazi nezizwe futhi zivumela ukuhweba, amabhange, kanye nokuxhumana kwanamuhla. Lezi zintambo zinwebeka izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha futhi ziphumule phansi kolwandle. Zigcina buthule ukuxhumana komhlaba wethu. Ngeke sihlangane nazo eziningi zazo, kodwa uzothola ithonya lazo yonke indawo - kusukela ekuhwebeni nge-inthanethi eYurophu kuya ekunakekelweni kwezempilo okude e-Afrika kanye nokuhweba ngamasheya e-Asia. Ngaphandle kwazo, i-imeyili, izingcingo zevidiyo, kanye nokubhanga kwamanye amazwe bekuzodonsa noma kuphele.

Bambalwa abantu abaqaphelayo ukuthi izintambo zasolwandle zibaluleke kangakanani emnothweni ongabonakali wezohwebo kanye nezentengiselwano zomhlaba. Noma nini lapho inkampani ithumela izivumelwano ngeposi, ibhange lidlulisela imali phesheya kwezilwandle, noma inkampani yabelana ngedatha nabalingani bayo kwelinye izwe, lezi zintambo ziyasebenza. Zenza kube lula izigidigidi zamaRandi ekuthengiselaneni nsuku zonke. Isibonelo, ikhebula elilodwa elixhumanisa iNyakatho Melika neYurophu lingaphatha izigidi zezingcingo, ukusakazwa kwevidiyo, kanye nokudluliswa kwedatha ngasikhathi sinye. Izintambo zangaphansi kolwandle zenzelwe ukuhlala isikhathi eside, ngokuvamile zihlala iminyaka engamashumi amabili noma ngaphezulu, kodwa zihlala zisengozini. Iziphepho, ukuzamazama komhlaba, ngisho nemikhumbi kungalimaza futhi kuziphule ngengozi. Njengoba ukuhweba komhlaba wonke kukhula, ukucindezeleka kulezi zintambo kuyanda nje.

Lezi zintambo azisizi nje amabhizinisi kuphela. Zisiza abantu yonke indawo ukuthola ukufinyelela kolwazi nezinsizakalo ngesivinini sombani. Kungaba umfundi waseNingizimu Melika othatha isifundo se-inthanethi noma ibhizinisi elincane lase-Asia elithengisela iYurophu, izintambo zasemanzini ziyakuvumela. Ukufakwa kwezintambo ezintsha kuhamba kancane, kuthatha izinyanga noma ngisho nonyaka, ngoba ukubeka izintambo phansi kolwandle kuwumsebenzi onzima. Izintambo zisengozini yokuhlaselwa, ubuphekula, ngisho nokuhlaselwa okusekelwa umbuso. Ukusika okukodwa kungaletha ukusika yonke indawo, nemiphumela emhlabeni wonke.

Isidingo sedatha siyanda nje. I-Netflix, i-AWS, kanye nomnotho omusha kudinga idatha eyengeziwe ngaphansi kolwandle. Ukuze kuhambisane, izintambo ezintsha zisebhodini lokudweba, futhi ukuphepha okuthuthukisiwe kubalulekile. Ubuchwepheshe obufana nokuzwa kwe-fiber-optic bungaqapha izingozi ngesikhathi sangempela, okuvumela ukuthi izinkinga zitholakale futhi zimiswe ngaphambi kokuba zisakazeke.

Isiphetho

Izinhlobo zezintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Zinwebeka izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ngaphansi kolwandle. Lezi yizinhlobo zezintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezishintsha amazinga edatha amakhulu njalo ngomzuzwana. Imikhumbi, imishini, kanye namaqembu ochwepheshe basebenzisa futhi balungise le migqa. Isimo sezulu, amanzi ajulile, ngisho nokuphila kolwandle kungabangela izinkinga, futhi abantu bayazixazulula. Lezi zintambo zenza kube lula ukuhweba, ingxoxo, kanye nokuxhumana kwabantu kuzo zonke izizwe. Cabanga ukuthi singathumela imiyalezo ngokushesha kangakanani noma sibukele i-flick. Konke kuncike kulezi zindlela ezinamandla neziyimfihlo zokuphila. Uma ufuna ukuqhubeka nobuchwepheshe obusha, bukela lezi zintambo zithuthuka. Indaba yekhebula elingaphansi kolwandle iba nkulu. Qhubeka uzibuza futhi uthole ukuthi isahluko esilandelayo sizokwembulani.

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Yiziphi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kwamanzi?

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: izintambo eziphindaphindwayo nezingaphindaphindwayo. Izintambo eziphindaphindwayo zinezikhulisi zesiginali njalo ngamakhilomitha ambalwa, okuvumela ukuthi zinwebe izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha. Izintambo ezingaphindaphindwayo azinazo izikhulisi futhi zivame ukuba ngamakhilomitha angamakhulu amaningana ubude.

Izintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kwamanzi zidlulisela kanjani idatha?

Lezi zintambo zisebenzisa ama-pulse okukhanya ukuze zidlulisele izimpawu zedijithali kuzo zonke izintambo zeglasi. Ukukhanya kuhamba phakathi kwezintambo, okuvumela ukudluliswa kwedatha okusheshayo nokuthembekile phakathi kwamazwekazi.

Kungani ama-repeater ebalulekile ezintanjeni zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba?

Ama-repeater akhulisa isignali yokukhanya njalo ngamakhilomitha angu-50 kuya kwangu-100. Lokhu kugcina isignali inamandla ebangeni elikhulu lolwandle futhi kugwema ukuwohloka.

Yiziphi izinto ezivikela izintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kwamanzi?

Izintambo zimbozwe ngezendlalelo ezifana nocingo lwensimbi, ukuvimbela amanzi, kanye ne-polyethylene. Lezi zendlalelo zivikela emanzini, ingcindezi, kanye nomonakalo ongokwenyama ovela olwandle.

Izintambo zangaphansi kolwandle zifakwa kanjani ngaphansi kwamanzi?

Imikhumbi ekhethekile ifaka izintambo phansi kolwandle. Kuyinqubo ehlelwe ngokucophelela eyenzelwe ukugwema ingozi nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhubekayo iminyaka ezayo.

Yiziphi izinsongo ezivamile ezintanjeni ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kwamanzi?

Izinsongo zisukela ekudobeni, ezikhungweni zemikhumbi, ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo, kanye nokucekela phansi ngamabomu. Lokhu kunganqamula izintambo futhi kuphazamise ukuxhumana komhlaba wonke.

Kungani izintambo ze-fiber optic ezingaphansi kwamanzi zibalulekile emnothweni?

Banesibopho sokudlulisa idatha yamazwe ngamazwe engaphezu kuka-95%. Lezi zintambo eziphephile nezithembekile zisiza ibhizinisi lomhlaba wonke, ezezimali, kanye nokuxhumana futhi zisekela umnotho emhlabeni jikelele.