muka whatu
Taura muka whatu ADSS
Taura muka whatu ASU
Taura muka whatu FTTH
Pikitia 8 Taura muka whatu
Taura muka whatu OPGW
Taura Whakawhitiwhiti
Taura Ethernet
Taura muka whatu hiato whakaahua-hiko
Taura muka whatu o raro whenua me te paipa
Taura muka whatu moroiti pupuhi-hau
Taura muka whatu o roto
Pouaka Tohatoha muka whatu
Pouaka Whakamutunga Ratonga Tauranga Maha
Pouaka Whakamutunga muka whatu
Katinga o te Hononga Muka Whatu
Ngā Rawhi muka whatu
Ngā Hononga Taura Muka Whatu
Taura muka ADSS
Taura muka ASU
Taura muka OPGW
Taura muka FTTH
Pikitia 8 Taura muka
Taura muka hiato whakaahua-hiko
Taura muka o raro whenua me te paipa
Taura muka moroiti pupuhi-hau
Taura muka rererangi
Taura muka o roto
Pouaka Whakamutunga muka whatu
Pouaka Tohatoha muka whatu
Pouaka Whakamutunga Ratonga Tauranga Maha
Ngā Rawhi muka whatu
Mō Mātou
Tā mātou Tīma
Hītori
Te Kaha o te R&D
Pūtake Whakaputa
Whare Putunga me ngā Ratonga Whakahaere
Kounga
Ngā Pātai AuauHe Tātaritanga Whānui o ngā Rorohiko Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Whatu Matua e Ono
2026-06-04
Ka whakatinanahia e te muka whatu te tuku tohu mā te whakaata ā-roto katoa o te mārama whero-whero i roto i te matua silica. Nā te ngaronga mimiti o te silica ā-roto, te marara o Rayleigh, te mimiti whero-whero me te whakaiti i te tihi wai hydroxyl, e ono ngā roopu ngaru arumoni matua kua whakapūmautia i roto i te umanga whakawhitiwhiti whatu o te ao: 850 nm, 1310 nm, 1383 nm, 1490 nm, 1550 nm me te 1625 nm. Ka kapi i ēnei roangaru te LAN poto-whānui, te whatunga tāone nui, te tuara tawhiti-roa, te urunga muka PON, te whakanui whatu me ngā whakamātautau muka whatu. He rerekētanga motuhake kei roto i te tauwehenga whakaiti, te marara chromatic, te tawhiti tuku mōrahi, te whakataurite i ngā wāhanga optoelectronic me te kōwhiringa muka i waenga i ngā roopu ngaru rerekē, e mahi ana hei paearu matua mō te kōwhiringa whakatakotoranga muka, te hoahoa hangarau me te R&D wāhanga whatu. E toru ngā wāhanga matua o tēnei pepa: ngā āhuatanga whatu taipitopito o ngā roopu ngaru e ono, te whakataurite whakapae o ngā whakatakotoranga hangarau muka matua, me te whakataurite i te muka me te whakarōpūtanga tono mahi mō ia roangaru.
Upoko 1 Ngā Āhuatanga Whatu Taipitopito o ngā Rorohiko Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Muka Matarohia e Ono
1.1 850 nm (Matapihi Roanga-poto, Matapihi Whakawhitiwhiti Whatu Tuatahi)
Ko te 850 nm te roangaru whakawhitiwhiti arumoni tuatahi i whakamahia mō te muka whatu maha-aratau anake. Ko tōna pūtake mate matua i ahu mai i te marara o Rayleigh, ko tōna ngoikore he rite tonu ki te mana tuawhā o te roangaru. Nā te poto o te roangaru whatu, ko te ngoikore o te muka noa kei waenga i te 2.5 ki te 3.0 dB/km, te taumata ngaronga teitei rawa atu i roto i ngā roopu ngaru e ono. Kāore he pūwāhi marara kore i te 850 nm; ko te marara rauemi whakakotahi me te marara whakawhiti-aratau ka tino whakawhānui i ngā pao whatu me te whakawhāiti i te toronga tuku. Mō te muka maha-aratau OM1 me OM2, ko te toronga mōrahi o te Gigabit Ethernet he 550 m me te 220 m i te 850 nm, ko te 10G Ethernet anake e tautoko ana i te 33 m (OM1) me te 82 m (OM2).
Ko ngā Reera Tuku-Mata Poutū (VCSEL) ngā pūtake mārama paerewa mō tēnei roopu me te takai kiato, te utu iti, me te kore e hiahiatia he whakamatao tāpiri. Mā te uaua hononga iti ka tino whakaitihia te utu hanga pūnaha. Nā te whakaiti nui me ngā hapa marara, ka herea te 850 nm ki ngā taura tawhiti-poto o roto, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā hononga pokapū raraunga me ngā pūnaha taura hanganga.
1.2 1310 nm (Matapihi Kore-Marara, Matapihi Whakawhitiwhiti Tuarua)
E whakahaeretia ana e te paerewa ITU-T, ko te 1310 nm te roangaru kore-marara paearu mō te muka aratau-kotahi G.652. Ka ārai te marara rauemi i te marara arataki ngaru i tēnei roopu, ka whakaputa i te marara tae tata-kore tata ki te 0 ps/(nm·km) me te whakakore i te whakapōturitanga o te pāorooro i puta mai i te marara me te kore he waeine utu marara tāpiri. Ka heke te whakaitiiti muka ā-roto ki te 0.33~0.38 dB/km me te kore e kitea te mimiti tihi wai hydroxyl, ka waiho hei kōwhiringa pai mō te tuku whatu kore-whakahaere.
Ko te taiaho Fabry-Perot (FP) te kaituku matua mō te 1310 nm me te utu wāhanga taurite. Heoi, ka taka tēnei roangaru ki waho o te whānuitanga whakanui o te EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier), nō reira ka whakawhirinaki te tuku tawhiti ki te whakawhiti whakaora hiko-whatu hei utu mō te whakanui whatu-katoa. Haunga te tuku ratonga, ko te 1310 nm te roangaru whakamātautau taunoa mō te OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer), e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te whakaae hanganga taura muka me te taunga hapa.
1.3 1383 nm (Matapihi Tihi-Wai, Roopu Arotau Tihi-Wai-Iti)
Kei roto i te muka aratau-kotahi G.652A/B tuku iho ngā iona OH⁻ toenga mai i te hanganga preform, ka hangaia he tihi mimiti kaha i te 1383 nm me te whakahekenga neke atu i te 20 dB/km, nā reira i kore ai e taea te whakamahi arumoni i tēnei roangaru i ngā tekau tau kua pahure. Nā te hangarau whakamaroke matatau me te hangarau preform hangai mō te muka G.652C/G.652D iti-wai-tihi, ka whakahaerehia te kukū iona hauwai toenga i te taumata ppb, ka tapahia te ngaronga tihi wai i raro i te 0.4 dB/km, ā, ka taea te whakatinanatanga arumoni nui.
Ko te whānuitanga o te hihi e wātea ana he 1360~1410 nm, e whakakī ana i te āputa auau i waenga i te 1310 nm me te 1490 nm mō te whakawhānui i te hongere CWDM. Pērā i te 1310 nm, kāore e taea te whakanui i te 1383 nm e te EDFA, ā, ka herea tōna whakamahinga ki te whakawhānui poto o te CWDM tāone me te whatunga aroturuki haumarutanga tūmataiti. Ka mau tonu te whakaiti i te auau ki te 0.38~0.42 dB/km.
1.4 1490 nm (Pūwāhi Tīmatanga S-band, Roangaru Matua o raro mō te FTTH PON)
Nō te roopu-S (1460~1530 nm), ko te 1490 nm te roangaru paerewa o raro o te EPON/GPON i raro i te kawa ITU-T G.984: Ka tukuna e te OLT ngā raraunga o raro i te 1490 nm, ko te ONU ia ka tukuna te tohu whakahoki o runga i te 1310 nm, ka tutuki ai te tuku rua-ahunga muka kotahi mā te whakarea wehenga roangaru.
Ko te whakahekenga noa o te 1490 nm kei waenga i te 0.26 ki te 0.30 dB/km, he pai ake i te 1310 nm i roto i te mahi ngaronga; ka noho tonu te marara chromatic i te 10 ps/(nm·km), e tautoko ana i te pūtu PON ODN paerewa 20 km me te kore he utu marara. Ko te taiaho DFB me te whānui rārangi hiato whaiti me te whakahaere pāmahana pumau kua rite mō te tuku tohu ngoikore i muri i te wehenga whatu kore mahi. Ka wehea e te tātari WDM ōrite ngā tohu whakarunga me ngā tohu whakararo, ka waiho ko te 1490 nm te roanga ngaru e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te urunga whānui muka-ki-te-kāinga o te ao.
1.5 1550 nm (Matua C-band, Matapihi Whakawhitiwhiti Tuatoru Ngaronga Iti Rawa)
E mōhiotia ana ko te matapihi koura o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whatu, kei roto te 1550 nm i te roopu-C (1530~1565 nm), te wāhi e tae atu ai te muka silica ki tōna whakaiti iti rawa o te 0.19~0.22 dB/km puta noa i ngā roopu ngaru e ono. He tino ōrite tēnei roangaru ki te whānuitanga whakanui o te EDFA; ka taea te whakanui i ngā kaikawe whatu DWDM i te wā kotahi me te kore e whakahou i te optoelectronic, ka taea ai te tuku i ngā mano kiromita me te kore e whakahokia te raraunga.
Ko te muka paerewa G.652 e whakaatu ana i te horapa tae pai tata ki te 17 ps/(nm·km) i te 1550 nm, e hiahiatia ana te DCF (Muka Whakautu Horohoro) mō te tuara DWDM tino roa. Ko te muka kore-kore-horohoro o G.655 e pupuri ana i te horapa toenga iti (2~6 ps/(nm·km)) hei pehi i te pānga kore-raina o te Whakaranu Ngaru-Whā, kua arotauhia mō te whakatinanatanga o te pūnaha DWDM kaha-teitei. Haunga te tuara tawhiti-roa, ko te 1550 nm te roangaru mahi motuhake mō te tuku whatu CATV RF anaro; Ka wehea e te pūnaha DWDM te roopu-C ki te neke atu i te 80 ngā hongere paerewa i te 0.8 nm te tawhiti mō te whatunga tuara kaha-rahi me te hanganga taura whatu ruku.
1.6 1625 nm (Rōpū-L, Roangaru Aroturuki Muka i roto i te Ratonga)
Ka taka te 1625 nm ki roto i te roopu-L (1565~1625 nm), e whakamahia ana mō te aroturuki muka whatu ipurangi wā-tūturu me te whakawhānui wāhanga o te kaha DWDM roopu-L. Ko tōna whakaiti noa ko te 0.23~0.25 dB/km me te kore he pokanoa ki te tihi wai, ā, ka eke te marara chromatic ki te 22 ps/(nm·km).
Ko te painga matua kei roto i te wehenga o te hihi mai i ngā roangaru ratonga (1310/1490/1550 nm). Mā te hononga WDM kore mahi, ka honoa te mārama aroturuki ki te muka mahi me te kore e whakararu i te ratonga raraunga e rere ana; ka kitea e te OTDR ipurangi i runga i te 1625 nm te tawhito o te taura, te pakaru me te ngaronga rerekē i te wā tūturu, ka noho hei hangarau matua mō te O&M atamai o ngā taura tuara o te taumata kawe. Ka tautoko te EDFA roopu-L kua ōrite i te whakawhānui DWDM ina pau te rauemi hihi C-roopu.
Upoko 2 Ngā Tawhā Hangarau me ngā Whakatakotoranga o te Muka Whatu Matua Whakataurite Whakapae
Kua whakarōpūtia te muka whatu ki ngā muka maha-aratau (OM1/OM2/OM3/OM4/OM5) me ngā muka kotahi-aratau (G.652A/B/C/D, G.653, G.655, G.657). Ko ngā tohu hangarau matua ko te tauwehenga whakaitiiti, te marara chromatic, te roangaru tapahi, te diameter o te mara aratau, te ngaronga piko nui me te whānui o te whānui.
2.1 Te Whakamāramatanga o ngā Tohu Hangarau Matua
- Te whakaitiiti (dB/km): Ko te whakapaunga mana whatu mō ia kiromita; ko te uara iti e tohu ana i te tawhiti tuku roa ake, e pāngia ana e te roanga ngaru, te rauemi mata me te āhua piko.
- Te Mararatanga Tae (ps/(nm·km)): Te rerekētanga tere tuku i waenga i ngā wāhanga hihi rerekē; ka whakaitihia te hē o te pāorooro mō te tohu tere-tiketike mā te uara iti ake.
- Roangaru Tapahi: Te roangaru paepae matua mō te horapa aratau-kotahi; ko te mārama taunga mai i runga ake i te roangaru tapahi ka taea te tuku hei aratau kotahi i roto i te matua.
- Te Ngaronga Piko: Te ngaronga mana tāpiri i puta mai i te piko o te muka piri; he tino pai te mahi a te muka G.657 kāore e pāngia e te piko i runga i tēnei taupū.
- Diameter o te Mara Aratau: Te rahi o te ira whai hua o te horapa o te mārama i roto i te matua aratau-kotahi, e pā tika ana ki te pai o te hononga i waenga i ngā taputapu muka me ngā taputapu hiko-whakaata.
- Whānuitanga (MHz·km): Tawhā matua mō te muka maha-aratau, e whakatau ana i te kaha tuku tere-teitei-tawhiti-poto.
2.2 Whakataurite Tawhā o ngā Momo Muka Matua puta noa i ngā Rorohiko Ngaru e Ono
2.2.1 Muka Aratau Maha (850 nm motuhake, hototahi ki te tawhiti poto ā-wāhanga 1310 nm)
Ka pāngia te muka maha-aratau e te mararatanga whakawhiti-a-roto nui i te 1383/1490/1550/1625 nm, ā, kāore e taea te tautoko i te tuku tawhiti-roa:
- OM1 (62.5/125 μm): 3.0 dB/km @850 nm, 200 MHz·km te whānui o te hononga; 33 m te mōrahi mō te Ipurangi 10G.
- OM2 (50/125 μm): 2.5 dB/km @850 nm, 500 MHz·km te whānui; 82 m te mōrahi mō te Ipurangi 10G.
- OM3/OM4 (Whakaaroarohia te taiaho 50/125 μm): OM3:2000 MHz·km, 300 m@10G; OM4:4700 MHz·km, 550 m@10G.
- OM5: Matapihi-rua kua arotauhia (850 nm+953 nm), kua whakaritea mō te hononga pokapū raraunga 400G tawhiti-poto.
2.2.2 G.652 Muka Aratau-Kotahi Ao Whānui (Hototahi ki te roopu ngaru-ono katoa mō te G.652C/D)
- G.652A/B (Tihi wai teitei): Kāore e tika mō te 1383 nm nā te mea he nui ake i te 5 dB/km te ngaronga mimiti; 0.35 dB/km me te kore marara @1310 nm;0.28 dB/km@1490 nm;0.20 dB/km &17 ps/(nm·km)@1550 nm;0.24 dB/km &22 ps/(nm·km)@1625 nm.
- G.652C/D (Tihi-wai-iti): Te whakakorenga OH⁻ kua arotauhia, i raro i te 0.4 dB/km@1383 nm, e wātea ana te awhe ngaru-ono katoa, te muka matua mō te whatunga metro me te urunga. Ngaru roangaru tapahi ≤1260 nm, diameter mara aratau 9.2 μm, mahi piko paerewa.
2.2.3 G.653 Muka Whakawhiti-Marara
Kua nekehia te pūwāhi kore-marara ki te 1550 nm; tata ki te kore te marara i te roopu-C, ā, ko te marara nui rawa i te 1310 nm, kāore e pai mō ngā roangaru poto. Mā te Whakaranu Ngaru-Whā Nui ka whakawhāitihia tōna whakamahinga i roto i te DWDM maha-hongere, engari mō te raina tūmataiti roa-kotahi anake.
2.2.4 G.655 Muka Whakawhiti-Marara Kore-Kore
He iti noa te horapa pai toenga i te 1550 nm hei whakataurite i te utu horapa me te pehi kore-raina, motuhake mō te DWDM tuara C/L-band me te taura ruku moana whakawhiti; he ngoikore te mahi i te 1310 nm me raro iho i ngā roangaru.
2.2.5 G.657 Muka Piko-Kore-Taurangi (Taura Taka FTTH o Roto)
Kua whakarōpūtia ki A1 (te whakapai ake i te piko ngawari) me B2 (te radius piko tino iti); te ngaronga tino iti i raro i te takai piri, he hototahi katoa ki ngā roopu ngaru e ono, he rauemi paerewa mō te taura taka FTTH o roto me te waea kāinga FTTR.
| Roanga ngaru | 850 nm | 1310 nm | 1383 nm (Tihi wai-iti) | 1490 nm | 1550 nm | 1625 nm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Te Whakaiti Noa (dB/km) | 2.5~3.0 | 0.33~0.38 | 0.38~0.42 | 0.26~0.30 | 0.19~0.22 | 0.23~0.25 |
Upoko 3 Te Horopaki Taupānga, Te Kōwhiringa Muka me te Whakataurite Pūnaha mō ngā Rorohiko Ngaru e Ono
3.1 850 nm: Hononga Pokapū Raraunga me te Hononga LAN o te Kāmpus
muka ōritemuka maha-aratau raupapa-katoa OM1~OM5 anake Pūnaha Tuku: Gigabit/10G/25G Ethernet, whatunga rokiroki Hongere muka Te Whakamahinga NoaTaura whakapiri kāpata, hononga poto-tae TOR-ki-tūmau i roto i te IDC, taura LAN puni me te taura aunoa ahumahi, tawhiti tuku: 30 m~550 m Te Hiranga me te KohaPūtake VCSEL iti te utu me te hanganga watea; he iti te tawhiti tuku, me whakamahi muka aratau-kotahi ina neke atu te tawhiti i te 550 m.
3.2 1310 nm: Raina Tūmataiti Metro Point-to-Point me te Whakamātautau Muka Paerewa
muka ōriteG.652 whānuitanga katoa me G.657; onge G.653/G.655 Pūnaha TukuRaina riihi SDH/MSTP tuku iho, urunga muka pouri pūwāhi-ki-pūwāhi, whakamātautau whakaae muka OTDR Te Whakamahinga NoaRaina tūmataiti ā-tāone o te peeke, urunga whatu motuhake mō te umanga, whatunga urunga ā-rohe mō te kaikawe, te whānuitanga kotahi-whānui ≤80 km; te whakawhiti hiko-whatu tāpiri mō te tawhiti roa Te Hiranga me te KohaKa karohia te kore-marara i te whakapōturitanga tohu me ngā taputapu kua pakeke; kāore e wātea ana mō te whakanui whatu-katoa EDFA, ka whakakapia mārire e te 1550 nm DWDM mō te whatunga tawhiti-roa.
3.3 1383 nm: Te Whanuitanga Whānui Utu-iti o te Metro CWDM
muka ōriteG.652C/D me G.657 anake; kāore e whai mana mō te tihi wai teitei G.652A/B Pūnaha TukuWhakareatanga wehenga roangaru matotoru CWDM 8/16-hongere Te Whakamahinga NoaWhatunga CATV tūmataiti taumata-tāone, whakawhānui muka maha-ratonga mō te papa ahumahi, te maina me te pūnaha aroturuki haumarutanga, te whānuitanga mōrahi ≤40 km Te Hiranga me te KohaTe whakamahinga whai hua o te whānuitanga me te kore he whakatakotoranga muka hou; kāore he whakanui EDFA e whakawhāiti ana i te whakatakotoranga tawhiti-tino.
3.4 1490 nm: Urunga muka PON FTTH ā-Ao
muka ōriteG.652D mō te pūtu whāngai + G.657 mō te taura taka o roto Pūnaha TukuEPON/GPON/10G PON, muka kotahi-rua-anga (1490 ki raro, 1310 ki runga, 1550 mō te whakakikorua CATV whiriwhiri) Te Whakamahinga NoaUrunga whānui mō ngā whare noho, whatunga whatu-katoa FTTO hinonga, taura ODN 20 km + raina takahanga o roto i roto i te 5 km Te Hiranga me te KohaTe whakatinanatanga o te OLT pokapū e hangai ana ki te wehewehe kore mahi, ka tautoko te muka kotahi i te 64 ~ 128 kaiwhakamahi mutunga; ka noho hei hanganga turanga mō te hanganga whānui muka o te ao.
3.5 1550 nm: Tukunga Whatu CATV me te Tuarā DWDM Haere-Roa
muka ōriteG.652 mō te metro DWDM, G.655 mō te taura tuara me te taura raro moana ā-motu, G.653 mō te raina tūmataiti roa-kotahi Pūnaha TukuTe whakareatanga wehewehenga roangaru matotoru DWDM, te kawe whatu RF CATV anarau, te pūnaha tuara tere-teitei 100G/400G Te Whakamahinga NoaTaura matua whakawhiti-rohe, taura whatu ruku moana whakawhiti-moana, whatunga CATV HFC muka; Ka tutuki te whakakaha whatu katoa-āwhina EDFA i te tuku kore-whakahoki mano kiromita Te Hiranga me te KohaMā te whakaitiiti muka iti rawa me te hangarau EDFA pakari ka tautoko i te kaha muka-kotahi taumata-terabit; he nui te utu mō ngā wāhanga whatu DWDM kounga teitei.
3.6 1625 nm: Aroturuki Taura i roto i te Ratonga me te Whanuitanga DWDM roopu-L
muka ōriteNgā momo muka aratau-kotahi katoa tae atu ki te G.652/G.655/G.657 Pūnaha TukuPūhara aroturuki OTDR ipurangi, taputapu whakawhānui DWDM roopu-L Te Whakamahinga NoaTe tirotiro matatau mō te taura tuara kawe, te whakatūpato wawe kore-whakakore mō te hapa taura huna, te whakawhānui i te kaha i muri i te whakakī o te whānuitanga C-roopu Te Hiranga me te KohaKāore he whakamahinga o te whānuitanga ratonga hei whakatutuki i te aroturukitanga raina tonu, hei whakapoto i te wā kore mahi tiaki taura; ko te nuinga ka whakamahia mō te whatunga O&M ngaio kawe.
Whakamutunga
E ono ngā roopu ngaru whakawhitiwhiti paerewa e hanga ana i tētahi pūnaha tono whatunga whatu paparanga e hangai ana ki ngā āhuatanga whatu silica ā-roto: 850 nm te nuinga o te taura maha-aratau o roto tawhiti-poto; 1310 nm te mahi hei whakamātautau aratau-kotahi me te roangaru raina tūmataiti; 1383 nm te tāpiri i te whānuitanga wātea CWDM; 1490 nm te mana motuhake o te urunga whatu FTTH kore mahi; 1550 nm te mahi hei matua o te tuara tawhiti-roa me te tuku CATV; 1625 nm te tohunga ki te aroturuki mahi ipurangi muka kore-whakakore. Ko te kōwhiringa muka e whai ana i te ture arotahi-roa: muka maha-aratau mō ngā hononga tawhiti-poto 850 nm, G.652D/G.657 mō te whatunga urunga 1310/1383/1490, muka marara kore-kore G.655 mō te DWDM tawhiti-roa 1550, muka piko-kore G.657 mō te waea FTTH o roto.
Nā te hanganga whatunga kawe 5G, te hononga tere-teitei o te pokapū raraunga nui me te whakatinanatanga o te muka kāinga-katoa FTTR, ka noho haere te G.652D iti-tihi me te G.657 ātete-piko hei whakatakotoranga muka matua i roto i te mākete whatu o te ao. Kei te tipu haere tonu te tono whānui CWDM o te 1383 nm me te L-band 1625 nm i ia tau; ka mau tonu te tūranga matua o te aratau maha 850 nm mō te hononga tere-teitei tawhiti-poto, ko te 1550 nm tonu te matapihi koura kore e taea te whakakapi mō te whakawhitiwhiti whatu tawhiti-roa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hangarau whakanui EDFA pakari. Ko te matatau ki te whakaitiiti, te āhuatanga marara, te āhua ōrite muka me te rohe e tika ana o ngā roopu ngaru e ono e whakarato ana i te tautoko ariā matua mō te kōwhiringa whakatakotoranga muka, te hoahoa hangarau whatunga whatu me te arotautanga kaha whatunga o nāianei.
