Esikhathini sedijithali, ukuxhumana kubalulekile. Umgogodla walokhu kuxhumana uvame ukuba yingxenye enganakwa: ikhebula le-Ethernet.

Izintambo ze-Ethernet ziyizinsika zempilo zamanethiwekhi ethu endawo (ama-LAN). Zixhuma amadivayisi ethu, zivumela ukuxhumana kanye nokudluliswa kwedatha.

Kodwa iyini ngempela ikhebula le-Ethernet?

Lo mhlahlandlela uzohlola umhlaba wezintambo ze-Ethernet. Sizohlola isakhiwo sazo, izinhlobo, kanye nezigaba, nokuthi ziye zashintsha kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Sizoxoxa nangendima yabo ekusebenzeni kwenethiwekhi. Kusukela ku-bandwidth kanye nesivinini sedatha kuya ekuvikelweni kwekhebula kanye nezindinganiso, sizokumboza konke.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumthandi wezobuchwepheshe, uchwepheshe we-IT, noma umsebenzisi wasekhaya osungula inethiwekhi, lo mhlahlandlela ulungele wena.

Joyina nathi njengoba sivula ubuqili bezintambo ze-Ethernet, okukusiza ukuthi wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi ngezidingo zakho zokuxhumana.

Iyini ikhebula le-Ethernet?

Izintambo ze-Ethernet ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokuxhumana kwamakhompyutha. Zisebenza njengendawo yokuxhuma amadivayisi ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi.

Ngokuyinhloko, izintambo ze-Ethernet zixhumanisa amakhompyutha, ama-router, kanye nama-switch kunethiwekhi yendawo (i-LAN). Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukudluliswa kwedatha okusheshayo nokuthembekile.

Lezi zintambo ngokuvamile zenziwe ngezintambo zethusi. Zifika ziboshwe ngamajakethi avikelayo, okuqinisekisa ubuqotho besignali ngesikhathi sokudlulisa.

Izintambo ze-Ethernet sezisabalele emakhaya nasemabhizinisini. Ukwakheka kwazo kuvumela ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwamabanga amafushane naphakathi.

Imisebenzi ebalulekile yezintambo ze-Ethernet ifaka:

• Ukuvumela ukuxhumana kwedatha phakathi kwamadivayisi
• Ukusekela uxhumano lwe-inthanethi olusheshayo
• Ukwenza kube lula ukuphathwa kwedivayisi yenethiwekhi

Eminyakeni edlule, izintambo ze-Ethernet ziye zathuthuka ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuthuthuka kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwesivinini kanye nokusebenza.

Sekukonke, izintambo ze-Ethernet zibalulekile ekugcineni amanethiwekhi aqinile. Indima yazo ukugcina umhlaba wethu wedijithali uxhumene futhi usebenza kahle.

Ukuvela Kwezintambo ze-Ethernet

Izintambo ze-Ethernet ziye zabhekana noshintsho olukhulu selokhu zasungulwa. Ekuqaleni zakhiwa ngawo-1970, i-Ethernet yadalwa ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo ezikhulayo zokuxhumeka kwenethiwekhi yendawo (i-LAN).

Uhambo lwaqala ngezintambo ze-coaxial ezazinikeza isivinini kanye namakhono alinganiselwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zathathelwa indawo yizintambo ezisontekile eziguquguqukayo, okwathuthukisa ukuxhumana kanye nokuthembeka.

Namuhla, sesithuthukele ezigabeni ezifana ne-Cat5, i-Cat6, nangale kwalokho. Ukuphindaphinda ngakunye kunesivinini esiphezulu, umkhawulokudonsa, kanye nokuqina. Lokhu kuthuthuka kubonisa isidingo esiqhubekayo se-inthanethi esheshayo kanye namakhono okudlulisa idatha athuthukisiwe.

Ngakho-ke izintambo ze-Ethernet ziye zavumelana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe besimanje njalo. Ziyaqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni umhlaba wedijithali okhula njalo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe besikhathi esizayo buvela, izintambo ze-Ethernet kulindeleke ukuthi ziqhubeke nokuguquka, ziqinisekise ukuthi ziyahlangabezana nezidingo zokuxhumana ezintsha.

Ukwakheka Kwekhebula le-Ethernet kanye Nokubaluleka Kwepheya Elisontekile

Izintambo ze-Ethernet zakhiwe ngezintambo zethusi ezisontekile. Lesi sakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwazo. Izintambo ngazinye ziyasontekelana ukuze kukhanselwe ukuphazamiseka.

Ukusonta kusiza ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic okuvela emithonjeni yangaphandle. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwedatha okuzinzile nokuthembekile. Lezi zintambo zivame ukuqukatha izintambo ezine ezisontekile ngaphakathi kwejazi elivikelayo.

Izintambo ezisontekile ziza ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: I-Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) kanye ne-Shielded Twisted Pair (STP). Umehluko omkhulu usekuvikelekeni kwazo ekuphazamisekeni. Ama-UTP avame kakhulu futhi anele kumanethiwekhi amaningi asekhaya nasehhovisi.

Lokhu kukhetha umklamo kunegalelo elikhulu ekunciphiseni ukuwohloka kwesignali ebangeni elide. Ubunjiniyela obucophelelayo balezi zibhangqa ezisontekile bube yinto ebalulekile ekufinyeleleni ukudluliselwa kwedatha okusheshayo. Umphumela uba ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi okuthuthukisiwe, okubalulekile ekuxhumekeni okubushelelezi.

Sekukonke, isakhiwo se-twisted pair siyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe bekhebula le-Ethernet. Sinikeza izinzuzo ezisebenzayo ekunciphiseni ukuphazamiseka nokugcina ubuqotho besiginali.

Izigaba nezinhlobo zekhebula le-Ethernet

Izintambo ze-Ethernet zihlukaniswa ngokwezici zazo zokusebenza. Izigaba ezahlukene zinikeza amazinga ahlukene esivinini, i-bandwidth, kanye nokuvikela. Ukukhetha isigaba esifanele kungathinta kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwenethiwekhi.

Izigaba ziyahlukahluka kusukela ku-Cat5 kuya ku-Cat8 yakamuva. Njengoba inani lesigaba likhuphuka, isivinini esingaba khona kanye nomkhawulokudonsa kuyakhuphuka. Izigaba eziphakeme zivame ukusekela amazinga edatha asheshayo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga kakhulu.

Nasi ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba zekhebula ezivamile ze-Ethernet:

• I-Cat5 kanye ne-Cat5e: Isivinini esiyisisekelo kanye nokuthembeka kwezidingo zansuku zonke.
• I-Cat6 kanye ne-Cat6a: Isivinini esithuthukisiwe nge-crosstalk encishisiwe, ilungele amanethiwekhi e-gigabit.
• Ikati7 kanye nekati8: Izidingo zokusebenza okuphezulu, ezifanele izikhungo zedatha.

Izintambo ze-Ethernet zibalulekile kunoma yikuphi ukusethwa kwenethiwekhi. Amandla azo athinta ukugeleza kwedatha kanye nokusebenza kwenethiwekhi iyonke. Isigaba ngasinye sisebenzela izindawo ezahlukene, kusukela emahhovisi amancane kuya ezikhungweni zedatha ezinkulu.

Ukukhetha isigaba esifanele kudinga ukuqonda izidingo ezithile zenethiwekhi. Izinto okufanele uzicabangele zifaka usayizi wenethiwekhi, isivinini sedivayisi, kanye nezidingo zesikhathi esizayo. Kubalulekile ukulinganisela izindleko nokusebenza.

Empeleni, ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza ekwakheni inethiwekhi eqinile. Ukukhetha okufanele kungaholela ekusebenzeni kahle okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokubambezeleka okuncishisiwe. Ngokuhlala unolwazi, ungaqinisekisa ukuthi inethiwekhi yakho isebenza kahle kakhulu.

Isigaba 5 (Isigaba 5) kanye nesigaba 5e (Isigaba 5e)

Izintambo ze-Cat5 bezilokhu zijwayelekile iminyaka eminingi. Zisekela isivinini esifinyelela ku-100 Mbps, okwenza zifaneleke ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyisisekelo. Kodwa-ke, zingase zingaphumeleli ezinhlelweni zesimanje.

I-Cat5e ivele njengenguqulo ethuthukisiwe. Isekela isivinini se-gigabit futhi inciphisa ukuphazamiseka. Emakhaya namabhizinisi amancane, i-Cat5e isalokhu iyisinqumo esithembekile. Lesi sigaba sinikeza ikhambi elingabizi kakhulu ngaphandle kokudela ukusebenza okuningi kakhulu.

Isigaba 6 (Isigaba 6) kanye nesigaba 6a (Isigaba 6a)

Izintambo ze-Cat6 zinikeza ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kune-Cat5e. Ziphatha isivinini esingafika ku-10 Gigabit emabangeni amafushane. Lokhu kuzenza zilungele ukuxhumana ngesivinini esiphezulu emahhovisi nasemabhizinisini.

I-Cat6a ikhulisa kakhulu leli khono. Inikeza ukwesekwa kwe-10 Gigabit emabangeni amade nge-crosstalk encishisiwe. Lokhu kuyenza ifaneleke emakamelweni eseva kanye nezidingo zedatha ezisindayo. I-Cat6a inikeza ukuvikela ikusasa lokukhulisa amanethiwekhi.

Isigaba 7 (Isigaba 7) kanye nesigaba 8 (Isigaba 8)

Izintambo ze-Cat7 zithatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo. Ngama-pair avikelwe, anciphisa ukuphazamiseka ngempumelelo enkulu. Aphatha isivinini esifinyelela ku-10 Gigabit futhi aklanyelwe izindawo zokuxhumana ezisheshayo.

I-Cat8 iyisiqongo sobuchwepheshe be-Ethernet. Isekela isivinini esifinyelela ku-25 noma ngisho no-40 Gigabit ngobude obufushane. Lokhu kuzuzisa kakhulu izikhungo zedatha kanye ne-backbone yenethiwekhi. I-Cat8 imelela umkhawulo wekhono le-Ethernet.

Ukuqonda Izixhumi ze-RJ45

Izixhumi ze-RJ45 zibalulekile ekuxhumeni kwezintambo ze-Ethernet. Ziyizixhumi ezijwayelekile ezisetshenziselwa izintambo zenethiwekhi. I-RJ45 ngayinye inamaphini ayisishiyagalombili ahambisana nezintambo zekhebula. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwedatha okuthembekile kanye nokuxhumeka. Umklamo wesixhumi ugxile ekugcineni uxhumano lukagesi oluzinzile.

Isixhumi se-RJ45 singena kahle echwebeni le-Ethernet. Lo mklamo unciphisa ukulahleka kwesignali okungenzeka. Sisetshenziswa kabanzi, okwenza sibe yinto ebalulekile ekusethweni kwenethiwekhi. Lokhu kuguquguquka kuvumela i-RJ45 ukuxhuma amadivayisi afana namakhompyutha, ama-router, kanye nezinkinobho ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Ukuqina kwayo nokusebenza kahle kwenza kube yinto ebalulekile kwenethiwekhi. Njengoba izidingo zenethiwekhi zithuthuka, i-RJ45 ihlala iyisinqumo esithembekile sokuxhumeka okusheshayo.

Ukuvikela: Izintambo ze-UTP vs. STP

Izintambo ze-Ethernet ziza ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuvikela: i-UTP kanye ne-STP. I-UTP imele i-Unshielded Twisted Pair. Lezi zintambo azinazo ezinye izivikela. Zithembele kuma-twisted pair ukuze zinciphise ukuphazamiseka. Izintambo ze-UTP zivame ukushibhile futhi zisetshenziswa kabanzi kumanethiwekhi asekhaya.

I-STP, noma i-Shielded Twisted Pair, inezela ungqimba lokuvikela. Lokhu kuvikela okwengeziwe kuvikela ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic. Kwenza izintambo ze-STP zilungele izindawo zezimboni. Izintambo ze-STP zifaneleka kakhulu ezindaweni ezinemishini esindayo noma umsindo kagesi.

Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-UTP ne-STP kuncike esimisweni. I-UTP isebenza kahle ezindaweni ezingaphazamiseki kakhulu. I-STP ingcono ezindaweni ezingaphazamiseki kakhulu. Uhlobo ngalunye lufeza izinjongo ezihlukile, ngakho-ke cabanga ngezidingo ezithile zenethiwekhi yakho. Cabanga futhi ngezindleko kanye nezinselele zokufakwa ezihambisana nezintambo ze-STP.

Izindinganiso ze-TIA/EIA kanye nobude bekhebula

Uma ukhetha izintambo ze-Ethernet, izindinganiso zibalulekile. Izindinganiso ze-TIA/EIA ziqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokusebenza. Zibeka iziqondiso zayo yonke into kusukela ekuxhunyweni kwezintambo kuya ezintweni zokwakha. Lezi zindinganiso zisiza ekugcineni ubuqotho benethiwekhi. Ukuthobela imithetho kubalulekile ekuxhumaneni okuthembekile.

Izindinganiso ze-TIA/EIA nazo zibhekana nobude bekhebula. Izintambo ezinde zingabangela ukulahleka kwesiginali. Ngokuvamile, izintambo ze-Ethernet akufanele zidlule amamitha ayi-100. Lo mkhawulo ugcina isivinini sedatha futhi wehlisa ukubambezeleka. Izintambo ezimfushane ngezinye izikhathi zingathuthukisa ukusebenza.

Ukuqonda lezi zindinganiso kusiza ekuhleleni inethiwekhi. Ukukhetha izintambo ezibude obufanele kubalulekile. Kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle nangokuphumelelayo kwenethiwekhi yakho. Ukunamathela kulezi ziqondiso kuvimbela izinkinga zokuxhumeka ezingaba khona. Hlola njalo ukuthi izintambo zakho ziyahlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-TIA/EIA ukuze uthole ulwazi olungcono kakhulu lwenethiwekhi.

Amakhebula Okuhlanganisa Namakhebula E-Crossover: Amakesi Okusetshenziswa

Izintambo zokuxhumanisa zivamile ekuxhumeni amadivayisi nengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi. Ngokuvamile zixhumanisa amakhompyutha nezinkinobho zenethiwekhi noma ama-router. Lezi zintambo ziyasebenziseka futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa ekusethweni kwehhovisi nasekhaya.

Izintambo ezixubile zinenjongo ethile. Zixhumanisa amadivayisi afanayo ngqo, njengamakhompyutha amabili. Lokhu kufezwa ngokuwela izintambo zokuthumela nokwamukela, okwenza kube lula ukuxhumana ngqo.

Ukuqonda ukuthi kufanele usebenzise nini uhlobo ngalunye lwekhebula kubalulekile. Izintambo zokuxhumanisa zenzelwe ukuxhuma kunethiwekhi, kuyilapho izintambo zokuxhumanisa zixhumanisa ngqo amadivayisi. Ukukhetha ikhebula elifanele kuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwedatha okubushelelezi nokusebenza kahle.

Amakhebula alinganiswe nge-Plenum uma kuqhathaniswa ne-PVC

Uma ukhetha izintambo ze-Ethernet, izinto ezibonakalayo zibalulekile. Izintambo ezilinganiselwe yi-Plenum zenzelwe izikhala ezinomjikelezo womoya. Zihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha emlilweni eziqinile, zikhipha intuthu encane uma zishiswa.

Izintambo ze-PVC zivame kakhulu futhi zingabizi kakhulu. Zifanele ukufakwa okujwayelekile kodwa azinikezi ukumelana nomlilo okufanayo nezinketho ezilinganiselwe yi-plenum. Ukukhetha phakathi kwazo kuncike endaweni yakho yokufaka kanye nezidingo zokuphepha. Khetha izintambo ze-plenum ezindaweni zokuphatha umoya njengophahla, bese ukhetha i-PVC ukuze ufake izinto ezingabizi kakhulu nezivamile. Njalo beka phambili ukuphepha kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho yokwakha yendawo.

I-bandwidth kanye nesivinini sedatha: Yini okudingeka uyazi?

I-bandwidth kanye nesivinini sedatha kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwenethiwekhi. I-bandwidth ibhekisela kumthamo wokudlulisa idatha omkhulu wenethiwekhi. Ilinganiswa ngama-megabits ngomzuzwana (Mbps) noma ama-gigabits ngomzuzwana (Gbps).

Izigaba zekhebula le-Ethernet zinquma umthamo we-bandwidth. Izintambo zesigaba esiphezulu, njenge-Cat6 noma i-Cat8, zisekela isivinini sedatha esisheshayo. Lokhu kusho ukulanda okusheshayo kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kokusakaza okubushelelezi. Isibonelo, izintambo ze-Cat5e zinikeza kufika ku-1 Gbps, kuyilapho i-Cat6a ingaphatha i-10 Gbps.

Ukukhetha ikhebula le-Ethernet elifanele kuthinta ukusebenza kahle kwenethiwekhi yakho. Qinisekisa ukuthi ikhebula lakho lihambisana namakhono akho esivinini se-inthanethi. Njengoba isivinini se-inthanethi nezidingo zedatha zikhuphuka, cabanga ngekhebula lesigaba esiphezulu. Ukutshala imali ku-bandwidth engcono namuhla kungakusindisa ekuthuthukisweni kwesikhathi esizayo futhi kugcine inethiwekhi yakho isebenza kahle.

Kuchazwe Amandla phezu kwe-Ethernet (PoE)

Amandla phezu kwe-Ethernet (i-PoE) avumela amandla kagesi kanye nedatha ukuthi kuhambe ngekhebula elilodwa le-Ethernet. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukufakwa kwamadivayisi ngokuqeda isidingo sezintambo zikagesi ezihlukene. I-PoE iwusizo kakhulu kumadivayisi afana namakhamera e-IP, izindawo zokufinyelela ezingenantambo, kanye namafoni e-VoIP lapho iziteshi zikagesi zintuleka khona.

Ubuchwepheshe be-PoE buyahlukahluka emazingeni amandla, kusukela kuma-watts angu-15 kuya kuma-watts angaphezu kwama-90. Ukukhetha iswishi noma i-injector efanele ye-PoE kuncike ezidingweni zamandla zedivayisi yakho. Ukusebenzisa i-PoE kwenza kube lula kokubili ukuhlela izintambo kanye nogesi, okwenza amanethiwekhi asebenze kahle futhi ahlanzeke kakhudlwana.

Amathiphu Okuphatha Ikhebula Nokufaka

Ukuphathwa kahle kwekhebula kubalulekile ekugcineni inethiwekhi esebenza kahle futhi ethembekile. Izintambo ezihleliwe zinciphisa ukuxinana futhi zenza ukuxazulula izinkinga kube lula. Ukusebenzisa amathreyi ekhebula, izibopho, namalebula kusiza ukugcina izintambo zicocekile futhi zibonakala.

Uma uhlela ukufaka, cabanga ngobude nohlobo lwekhebula oludingekayo ekusethweni kwakho. Ukugcina ikhebula lisebenza ngaphakathi kobude obunconywayo kuvimbela ukulahleka kwesignali futhi kugcina ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi. Qinisekisa ukuthi izintambo zifakiwe kude nemithombo engaba khona yokuphazamiseka, njengezintambo zikagesi kanye nezibani ze-fluorescent.

Gwema ukugoba okubukhali kanye nokugoba kwezintambo njengoba lokhu kungalimaza izintambo futhi konakalise ukusebenza kahle. Qondisa izintambo ngokucophelela ukuze ugcine ukugeleza okubushelelezi, uhloniphe irediyasi yokugoba yekhebula. Hlola futhi ulondoloze izintambo zakho njalo ukuqinisekisa impilo yenethiwekhi eqhubekayo futhi ugweme ukuphazamiseka okungalindelekile.

Ukuqinisekisa Inethiwekhi Yakho Esikhathini Esizayo Ngezintambo ze-Ethernet

Ukutshala imali ezintanjeni ze-Ethernet ezifanele namuhla kungalungiselela inethiwekhi yakho izidingo zakusasa. Ukukhetha izintambo zesigaba esiphezulu, njenge-Cat6a noma i-Cat8, kwandisa amandla omkhawulokudonsa kanye nesivinini, kulungele ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizayo. Lezi zintambo zisekela amazinga aphezulu edatha, okwenza zifaneleke kubuchwepheshe obusha.

Cabanga ngokukhula okungenzeka kwamadivayisi axhunyiwe kunethiwekhi yakho. Amadivayisi amaningi asho ukugeleza kwedatha okuphezulu, okudinga ingqalasizinda eqinile. Inethiwekhi engavikelwa esikhathini esizayo ivumela ithrafikhi eyengeziwe ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukusebenza noma ukuzinza.

Ukuhlela ukukhuliswa kuqinisekisa ukuthi inethiwekhi yakho ingazivumelanisa nezidingo ezishintshayo. Hlola ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi yakho ukuze uthole ukuguquguquka namathuba okwanda. Ngokukhetha izintambo zekhwalithi kanye nomzila osebenza kahle, ingqalasizinda yakho ihlala ishesha futhi isebenza kahle iminyaka ezayo.

Isiphetho: Ukwenza Ukukhetha Okufanele Kwenethiwekhi Yakho

Ukukhetha ikhebula le-Ethernet elifanele kudinga ukuqonda izidingo zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo zenethiwekhi yakho. Cabangela izici ezifana nezidingo zesivinini, ukwakheka, kanye nokwanda okungenzeka. Ngokukhetha isigaba esifanele, uqinisekisa ukusebenza nokuthembeka.

Hlala unolwazi mayelana nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nezindinganiso zokuxhumana. Lolu lwazi lukusiza ukuthi wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi lugcine inethiwekhi yakho isebenza kahle. Ukutshala imali ezintanjeni ze-Ethernet ezisezingeni eliphezulu kuyisinyathelo esihlakaniphile sokusekela ukukhula kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwenethiwekhi yakho.