• Ko ngā taura OS, arā, ngā muka whatu kotahi-aratau, he muka aratau-kotahi e tino pai ana mō ngā tawhiti roa me te tuku raraunga tere-tiketike. Ko ngā taura OM he muka maha-aratau, e tino pai ana mō te whatunga tawhiti-poto. Mā te mōhio ki ngā rerekētanga ka tino whiwhi koe i te mahi pai rawa atu mō tō tono.

• He pai ake ngā muka OS1 mō ngā mahi o roto, he poto te tawhiti, ā, he nui ake te ngoikore o roto. He rerekē, he pai ake ngā muka OS2 mō ngā taiao o waho me ngā mahi tawhiti nā te mea he iti ake te ngoikore.

• Ka wehea ngā taura OM kia rite ki ngā paerewa (OM1-OM5) me ia taura e whakarato ana i ngā rahinga whānui me ngā āheinga tawhiti rerekē. Ko te OM3 me te OM4 kua arotauhia ki te taiaho e whakarato ana i te mahi teitei, ko te OM5 me te tautoko aratau maha mō ngā roangaru maha e whakarato ana i te whatunga ā-mua.

• Rahi o te matua E kiia ana ko te mea matua hei whakatau i te kōwhiringa muka. He iti ake te matua o ngā taura aratau-kotahi (OS1/OS2), he mea pai mō te tuku arotahi, tawhiti. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā muka aratau-maha (OM), nā te matotoru o ō rātou matua, ka tiaho i roto i ngā whatunga rohe.

• He mea nui te whānuitanga o te hononga me te whakaiti i te tere o te tuku raraunga me te kounga o te tohu. Mā te whiriwhiri i te taura pai rawa atu e ai ki ēnei inenga ka hua ake te mahi whatunga tino whai hua me te pono.

• Aromātaihia te tawhiti, te whānui o te whatunga, me ngā hiahia tauine a meake nei kia taea ai e koe te whiriwhiri whai whakaaro i waenga i ngā muka OS me ngā muka OM e hangai ana ki tō tahua me ngā whakaritenga hangarau.

Nā, kua mōhio koe ki te rerekētanga i waenga i te OS1, te OS2 me te OM1 ki te OM5, me te mea e tino pai ana mō tō tono. Ko te OS1 me te OS2 ngā paerewa o ngā muka whatu aratau-kotahi a te International Telecommunications Union (ITU).

He pai te OS1 mō te whakamahinga i roto i te whare mō ngā tawhiti poto, ko te OS2 ia he pai mō ngā oma roa i waho. He pai te OM1 me te OM2 mō ngā tāutanga māmā, engari ka tiaho te OM3, OM4, me te OM5 i ngā tere teitei ake me ngā tawhiti roa ake.

O ngā momo e rima, ko OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4, me OM5 katoa e kiia ana he muka aratau maha. Mā te OM5 ka whakauruhia te hototahitanga mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā tono whānui.

He kaupapa kua tautuhia mō ia momo, e ai ki tōna tawhiti, tere, me te tautuhinga. I ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei, ka matapakihia e mātou ō rātou rerekētanga, ngā whakamahinga, me ngā painga kia pai ai te whiriwhiri i te mea tika mō ō hiahia.

Ngā Taura Muka OS me OM: He Tirohanga Whānui

Ko ngā taura muka whatu, e puta mai ana i te āhua o te OS (Optical Single-mode) me te OM (Optical Multimode), koinei te pou tuarā o ngā hanganga whatunga o ēnei rā. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka tapaina rātou i runga i te hanganga matua, te mahi, me ngā tono whakamahinga.

He mea nui kia mārama ki ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ēnei momo kia taea ai e koe te whiriwhiri tika mō ngā momo whakamahinga whatunga.

Te Mārama ki ngā Taura Muka OS

He muka aratau-kotahi ngā taura OS, e mōhiotia ana mō te iti o te matua, ko te whānui he 8-10 maikorona te nuinga. Ko te tikanga o tēnei hoahoa ka taea e rātou te tuku mārama i te ara kotahi, ka whakaiti i te whakapōturitanga o te tohu puta noa i ngā tawhiti roa.

Ko te OS1 me te OS2 ngā momo matua e rua. He pai ngā taura OS1 mō ngā mahi o roto, ā, he iti te tere whakaiti o te 2 dB/km i te 1550 nm. Ki te whakataurite, ko ngā taura OS2 te nuinga o ngā whatunga o waho me ngā whatunga tawhiti, ā, he pai te mahi i ngā roangaru o te 1310, 1550 nanometer rānei.

Ko te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te tuku raraunga tawhiti e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā taura OS. Ka oati rātou i te tino tika me te iti rawa o te hekenga tohu, he mea tino nui ēnei e rua mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tino pai.

Ahakoa he nui te utu e hiahiatia ana mō ngā pūtake taiaho, he tika te utu mō te mahi kore e rite mō ngā tono tawhiti.

Te tūhura i ngā taura muka OM

Ko ngā taura OM, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā muka maha-aratau, he nui ake ngā matua, ko te whānui he 50 – 62.5 maikorona. Ko te tikanga he maha ngā ara rerekē ka taea e te mārama te haere, koia te take i whakamahia ai i roto i ngā whatunga tawhiti-poto.

He 62.5-maikorona te matua o OM1, ā, ka taea e ia te tuku raraunga tae atu ki te 984 putu i te 10 Gbps. Hei whakataurite, ka rua te tawhiti o OM2, ka eke ki te tere tuku tae atu ki te 1,804 putu i te tere kotahi.

He nui ake ngā whānui o te raraunga e tukuna ana e OM3, OM4, me OM5, ā, he tino pai ēnei mō ngā pokapū raraunga tere-tiketike me ngā whatunga o ngā puni o ēnei rā.

He aha ngā mea e wehewehe ai i ngā muka OS me ngā muka OM?

He mea nui te mārama ki ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā muka Optical Single Mode (OS) me ngā muka Optical Multimode (OM) hei whiriwhiri i te momo taura tika mō ngā tono motuhake. Ko ēnei rerekētanga he hua nō ngā rerekētanga o te hanganga matua, te mahi, ngā inenga, ngā āheinga tawhiti me ngā tono whakamahinga pai rawa atu.

1. Rerekētanga Matua: Aratau-Kotahi me te Aratau-Maha

Haunga tēnā, he mea nui te rahi o te matua mō te tuku tohu. Ka kitea tēnei e ngā muka OS, he iti ake te diameter o te matua, ko te nuinga he 8–10 maikorona, e āhei ai te tuku aratau kotahi. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei hoahoa te mararatanga o te momo, ka taea ai e ngā muka OS te mahi pai i ngā tawhiti roa.

He rerekē, he iti ake te tika o ngā muka OM mō ngā tuku tawhiti poto. He nui ake te rahi o te matua o ngā muka OM, arā, i waenga i te 50 me te 62.5 maikorona. Nā tēnei ka horapa ngā momo mārama rerekē, ka nui ake te horapa o te momo raraunga, ā, ka tino whakawhāiti i te tawhiti me te whānui o te whānui raraunga.

Hei tāpiri, ka pāngia te mahi e te aratau whakahaere. Ka mahi ngā muka OS i ngā roangaru 1310, 1550-nanometer rānei. Me nui ake te utu o ngā pūtake taiaho nā te mea he tino tika. Ka mahi ngā muka OM i ngā roangaru poto ake, pērā i te 850 nanometer. Ka whakamahia e rātou ngā pūtake mārama LED iti te utu, ā, he pai mō te whakamahi i tawhiti poto.

2. Ngā Inenga Mahi: OS vs OM

Ko te whānui o te hononga tetahi o ngā mea tino nui o te mahi. Nā te mea he nui ake ngā hua tawhiti o te hononga o ngā muka OS ki ngā muka OM, he whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā muka OS mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti tere-teitei, tawhiti-roa.

Nā te mararatanga o te momo muka, he pai ake ngā muka OM mō ngā tono poto-haerenga.

3. Ngā Āheinga Tawhiti me te Whānuitanga

He tino pai te mahi a ngā taura OS mō ngā tono roa. E taea ana te whakamahi i te OS1 mō te tawhiti tae atu ki te 1.2 maero. E rua ngā tawhiti mōrahi o te OS2 ki te 6.2 maero, ā, e hiahiatia ana te ngaronga mōrahi o ēnei e rua ki te 1.0 dB/km.

Ko ngā muka OM he mea hanga mō ngā roa poto ake, me te tawhiti mōrahi e 550 iāri te nuinga o te wā ina whakamahia te paerewa OM4. E pupuri ana i te papa ngaronga 3.0 dB/km. Mō ngā tono whānui-rahi, ka hipa ake ngā muka OS i te OM nā te tuku aratau-kotahi me te iti o te horapa.

4. Ngā horopaki tono mō ia momo

He tino pai ngā taura OS mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ētahi atu whatunga tawhiti, tae atu ki ngā hononga raraunga i waenga i ngā tāone nui. Nā tō rātou kaha ki te pupuri i te pono o te tohu mō ngā maero maha, koinei te mea e tino hira ai i roto i ēnei taiao e nui ana te tono.

Nā reira, ko ngā taura OM te whiringa mārama mō ngā hononga tere-rahi, maha-aratau i roto i ngā whatunga rohe (LAN), ngā pokapū raraunga, me ngā whatunga o te puni. He tino pai ēnei mō ngā tawhiti waenga e hiahia ana ki ngā hononga tere-rahi.

Ruku Hohonu: OM Fiber Standards (OM1-OM5)

Kua tere te whanaketanga o ngā taura muka whatu maha-aratau (OM1-OM5) kia rite ki te hiahia e piki haere tonu ana mō te whatunga tere me te tere. He āhuatanga ahurei kei ia paerewa e pā ana ki te whānui o te hononga, te tawhiti, me ngā tono, ā, ka āwhina i te hanga i te pai rawa atu mō ia paerewa i roto i ngā taiao rerekē.

Ko te mōhio ki te rerekētanga o ēnei paerewa mō ia whakatinanatanga he mea nui ki te tautuhi i te otinga pai rawa atu mō ō hiahia whatunga ahurei.

OM1 me OM2: Ngā muka aratau maha tawhito

Ko OM1 me OM2 ngā whakatupuranga tuatahi o te muka maha-aratau, i hangaia mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tawhiti-poto. Ka tautoko a OM1 i ngā tawhiti o te 6,561 putu, ā, ka whakaratohia he whānui o te 160 MHz·km.

Ka mau tonu te awhe o te OM2 ki te OM1, engari ka whakanuia te whānui o te hononga ki te 500 MHz·km whakamiharo. E whakawhirinaki ana ngā mea e rua ki ngā tuku rama LED, e whakawhāiti ana i tō rātou kaha ki te eke ki ngā tere me ngā whānui o te hononga teitei ake.

I ngā wā o mua, he maha ngā wā i kitea ai ēnei taura i roto i ngā whatunga me ngā pūnaha tawhito, tae atu ki ngā taiao Ethernet i whakahaerehia i te 10 Mbps ki te 100 Mbps. I te nekenga o ngā hiahia whatunga ki te tautoko i ngā tere teitei ake, ka tīmata te tawhito o ēnei muka maha-aratau.

I ēnei rā, kāore i te tino whakamahia te OM1 me te OM2 mō ngā whakaurunga hou, engari kei te kitea tonu i roto i ngā hanganga o nāianei.

OM3 me OM4: Ngā muka kua arotauhia ki te taiaho

I whakaurua mai e OM3 me OM4 te hangarau aratau maha-whakapaipai-reera (LOMMF), i nui ake ai te whānui o te whānui me te tawhiti. Ka eke a OM3 me OM4 ki te 16,404 putu me te 2.5 GHz·km me te 32,808 putu me te 4.7 GHz·km, ia.

He tino pai ēnei taura mō ngā tono tere-teitei pērā i ngā pokapū raraunga me ngā whatunga umanga, e tautoko ana i ngā tere tuku tae atu ki te 100 Gbps. Inaa, ko te nuinga o te OM4 e hokona ana i ēnei rā e pānuitia ana i raro i te tohu muka OM3 kounga teitei nā te mea he taupatupatu ngā āheinga mahi.

OM5: Muka Aratau Maha Whānui

Ko te paerewa hou rawa atu, ko OM5, kua hangaia hei tautoko i ngā roangaru maha neke atu i te 850 nm, tae atu ki te 880 nm me te 940 nm. He whānui o te whānuitanga e tukuna ana e ia, arā, 28 GHz·km.

Ka tautokohia e ia ngā tere 40 Gbps me te 100 Gbps i ngā tawhiti poto i waenga i te 100 mita (328 putu) ki te 150 mita (492 putu). He tino pai tōna hanganga mō ngā hangarau matatau, pērā i te wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), e āhei ai te whakarite i ngā mea kei te heke mai mō te whatunga o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei.

Ngā Āhuatanga Matua o OM1 ki OM5

• OM16,561 putu, 160 MHz·km, e hangai ana ki te rama LED.

• OM26,561 putu, 500 MHz·km, e hangai ana ki te rama LED.

• OM316,404 putu, 2.5 GHz·km, kua arotauhia ki te laser.

• OM432,808 putu, 4.7 GHz·km, kua arotauhia ki te laser.

• OM5492 putu, 28 GHz·km, kua arotauhia ki te laser, e tautoko ana i te WDM.

Ngā Momo Muka OS: He Whakataurite Taipitopito

Ko te whiriwhiri muka, inā koa ka whakatauritea ngā muka OS1 me OS2, he mahi mā te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē me ngā whakamahinga e whakaarohia ana. He muka aratau-kotahi ia, engari ko te āhua ōrite kei roto i ngā āhuatanga hoahoa, ngā huanga mahi me ngā tono. Ko ngā matua o ngā muka OS he whaiti ake i ngā muka OM, ā, he pai ake mō te tuku tohu tawhiti e kitea ana i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.

Me mahi ēnei i ngā roangaru 1310, 1550 rānei o te nanometer, me te hiahia kia tika ake ngā pūtake taiaho, ā, he utu nui hoki.

OS1: Ngā Taupānga o Roto

He mea hanga motuhake ngā muka OS1 mō ngā whakaritenga whatunga poto, ā-roto. Ka taea e rātou te haere ki te 1.24 maero (2 km) anake, ā, ko te tere mai i te 1 ki te 10 Gb/s. Nō reira, he pai rawa atu mō ngā whirihoranga whatunga rohe (LAN), te whakatinanatanga o te pokapū raraunga, te āhua tari umanga rānei.

Ka whakanuia e tā rātou hoahoa te māmā me te whakaiti i te utu mō ngā whakaurunga o roto, me te whakarato hoki i ngā hononga miihini pakari mō ngā whakaurunga pono o waho. Ka herea ō rātou kaha mahi i ngā āhuatanga e hiahia ana ki te tere tere ake, ki ngā tawhiti roa rānei, i te mea ka kaha ake te kitea o ngā pānga whakaitiiti.

Ko te auau whakaiti o ngā muka OS1 he 1.0 dB ia kiromita. Inaa, he rawaka tēnei auau mō ngā oma poto engari kāore e tutuki mō ngā tawhiti roa.

OS2: Ngā Taupānga o Waho

Hei tāpiritanga, he pai ake te mahi a ngā muka OS2 i roto i ngā tono tawhiti, o waho—pērā i ngā pou tuara whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me ngā whatunga whakawhiti tāone. Ka āwhina rātou ki te tautoko i ngā tawhiti tautoko-waka o te 3.1 ki te 6.2 maero (5 ki te 10 km). Me te hua tawhiti-whanui o te 4.0 GHz·km, he tino pai mō te tuku tawhiti.

Ka taea e tōna āhua pakari te tu atu i ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, kia mau tonu ai te kaha me te kounga tohu mārama puta noa i ngā ara roa. He pai ake ngā muka OS2 i te pono o te tohu tawhiti me te tere whakaiti o te 0.4 dB ia kiromita i te 1310 nm.

Nā tēnei mahi i pai ake ai rātou i ngā muka OS1.

Ngā Rerekētanga Whakaiti i roto i ngā Muka OS

Ka pāngia te mahi a te whakaitiitinga e te ngoikore o te tohu. Ko te whakaritenga whakaitiitinga mōrahi o ngā muka OS1 he 4 dB/km, ā, ka whakawhāitihia te whakamahinga ki ngā tawhiti poto ake.

I tētahi atu taha, ka pai ake te whai huatanga o ngā muka OS2 ki te whakaiti i te oro mō te pupuri i ngā tohu kounga teitei mō ngā tawhiti roa, he mea tino nui tēnei mō ngā mahi o waho.

Ngā Rerekētanga Hangarau me te Pānga Mahi

He mea nui te mārama ki ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā muka OS (Optical Single-mode) me ngā muka OM (Optical Multimode) hei whiriwhiri i te otinga tika mō ngā hiahia whatunga. Ko te rahi matua me te whānui o te hononga whatunga te take matua o ēnei rerekētanga.

Ka honoa ēnei āhuatanga hei pānga ki te tuku raraunga, ā, hei whakatau i te mahi a ia momo i roto i ngā āhuatanga rerekē.

Te Rahi o te Matua me tōna Hiranga

Ka pā tika te rahi o te matua e whakaaturia ana ki ngā tohu mārama e pāoroorohia ana e tukuna ana mā roto i ngā taura muka whatu. Ko ngā muka aratau-kotahi (OS1, OS2) he matua muka angiangi, 9-micron, e taea ai te haere i te ara kotahi mō te mārama.

He hoahoa tino pai tēnei mō te whakaiti i te marara. Nō reira, ka taea e ngā tohu te hipoki i ngā awhe whakamiharo: 15.5 maero i te 1310 nm me te 24.8 maero i te 1550 nm, me ngā reiti whakaiti o te 0.4 dB/km me te 0.3 dB/km, he iti rawa ngā reiti ngaronga tohu.

Ki te whakataurite, he nui ake ngā matua o ngā muka maha-aratau (OM1-OM5) (50 ki te 62.5 maikorona), e āhei ai ngā ara maha mō te mārama. Ahakoa he āwhina tēnei kōwhiringa hoahoa ki ngā tere raraunga tino teitei, ka nui ake te ngaronga tohu i te tawhiti.

He nui ake te whakaitiiti a OM1 i a OM4. Nā te hoahoa matua me ngā rauemi hou e tino pai ana te mahi a OM4, ka pai ake te whai huatanga mō ngā tono poto-whānui.

Te Whakamārama i te Whānuitanga Modal

I roto i te whānui o te hononga, e inehia ana i roto i te MHz·km, ka whakatauhia te kaha o te muka ki te kawe mōhiohio e te maha o ōna muka. Ko te whānui o te hononga o OM4 (4700 MHz·km i te 850 nm) he nui ake i te OM3 (2000 MHz·km), e āhei ai te tuku tere me te ōrite.

Ka neke atu anō te mahi a OM5 i tēnei, me te mahi tino pai i ngā wāhi katoa e whakamahia ana e mātou ngā roangaru tae atu ki te 940 nm.

Pānga ki ngā Reiti Tuku Raraunga

Ka whakawhāitihia ngā tere tuku e te rahi matua me te whānui o te hononga. Mō ngā tono poto-tere, tere-nui, ka tukuna e ngā muka maha-aratau he mahi kaha, e tautoko ana i ngā tawhiti tae atu ki te 100 Gbps i ngā tawhiti poto ake.

Ko ngā muka aratau-kotahi, i hangaia mō te iti rawa o te ngaronga, ka ea ngāwari ai ngā hiahia tawhiti-roa, kaha-nui.

Te Kōwhiri i te Taura Muka Tika

Ko te whiriwhiri i te taura muka pai rawa atu mō tō whatunga ko te kimi i te taurite tika i waenga i te mahi, te utu, me ngā whakaritenga mō te wā roa. E ai ki tā tātou i kōrero ai i mua, he āhuatanga ahurei tō ia momo muka e pai ana mō ngā tono rerekē.

Hei tīmatanga, kia mārama te tirohanga ki ngā hiahia o tō whatunga. Muri iho, paunatia ētahi atu āhuatanga pēnei i te tawhiti, te whānui o te hononga, me te tahua hei whiriwhiri i te taura muka tika mō ō hiahia. Pānuihia tonutia i a mātou e whakamārama ana i ētahi o ngā mea matua hei whakaaro hei āwhina i a koe ki te whakatau.

Arotakehia ō Whakaritenga Whatunga

Tīmata mā te whakatau i ngā whakaritenga ahurei o tō whatunga. Ko ngā muka aratau-kotahi (OS2) he mea tino pai mō ngā tono tawhiti, pērā i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ina toro atu ngā hononga mō ngā maero.

Ko ngā muka maha-aratau (OM1–OM5) te mea tino pai mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tawhiti-poto. He kōwhiringa pai ēnei mō te hono i ngā taputapu i roto i tētahi whare, i tētahi puni rānei, ā, ko te OM1 te tikanga ka taea te whakahaere i ngā tawhiti tae atu ki ētahi rau mita.

Me tūpato tātou ki ngā tono raraunga ā muri ake nei. Hei tauira, mā te tautoko a OM5 i ngā roangaru whānui ake ka taea e ia te whakapai ake i ngā ratonga, ā, he otinga pai rawa atu tēnei mō ngā whatunga e hiahiatia ana ā muri ake nei.

Whakaarohia ngā Hiahia Tawhiti me te Whānuitanga

Ko te tawhiti me te whānui o te whānui ngā mea matua hei whakatau ko tēhea muka hei whakamahi. Ko ngā muka aratau-kotahi ka tuku i te mahi tino pai mō ngā tawhiti roa, ko ngā muka aratau-maha ia he pai mō ngā tono tawhiti poto.

Ka tautokohia e ngā muka aratau maha OM3 me OM4 ngā tawhiti tae atu ki te 550 mita i te 10Gbps. Nā tēnei āhuatanga ka tino pai mō ngā mahi tere-nui, tawhiti-poto.

He nui te pānga o ngā rerekētanga o te diameter o te matua ki te mahi. He matotoru ake ngā matua o ngā muka maha-aratau, ko te nuinga he 50, he 62.5 maikorona rānei, e āhei ai rātou ki te kawe i ngā momo aratau mārama rerekē.

Arotakehia te Utu me te Tahua

He nui ake te utu o ngā muka aratau-kotahi nā te mea he kikī ake ngā āheinga me ngā pūtake taiaho utu nui, e mahi ana i ngā roangaru 1310, 1550 nm rānei.

Ko ngā muka aratau maha, e 80% o ngā tāutanga, he kōwhiringa iti ake te utu mō ngā tawhiti poto, me te whakarato tonu i te mahi pakari e tika ana.

Te Whakatūpato i tō Whatunga mō te Ao Whānui

He mea nui te whakarite kia āpōpō. Mā te whiriwhiri i ngā otinga muka ngāwari, ka taea te whakanui ake, ka ārai i tō whatunga i te āpōpō, ā, ka tukuna atu hoki ki a koe te mana ki te awhi i ngā hangarau hou i a rātou e whanake ana.

Ngā Whakaaroaro Utu mō ngā Whatunga Muka

Ina whakaarohia ana ngā whakatinanatanga muka whatu, he mea nui kia mōhio koe ki te nui o te rerekētanga o ēnei utu i waenga i ngā muka Aratau-Kotahi (OS1 me OS2) me ngā muka Aratau-Maha (OM1 ki te OM5). Ka rerekē ēnei utu ehara i te mea i te wāhanga haumitanga tuatahi anake, engari i te wāhanga tiaki wā roa hoki. Ka pā tika ia o ēnei āhuatanga ki te utu, te uara me te whaihua o te whakawhanake i tētahi pūnaha muka whatu.

Ngā Utu Pūtea Tuatahi

He rerekē rawa te haumitanga tuatahi mō ngā muka Aratau-Kotahi (OS1/OS2) me ngā muka Aratau-Maha (OM1-OM5) hoki.

He whakaaro hē noa iho tēnei, arā, he nui ake te utu o ngā muka aratau-kotahi i ō rātou hoa aratau-maha. Ko ngā waeine whatu 1300nm te utu nui e hiahiatia ana mō ngā muka aratau-kotahi. Ko te utu mō ēnei waeine he 2-3 ngā wā te nui ake i ngā waeine 850nm e whakamahia ana e tātou mō ngā muka aratau-maha. Mā tēnei ka nui ake te utu katoa mō ngā pūnaha aratau-kotahi.

He nui ngā kōwhiringa penapena utu mō ngā muka maha-aratau, inā koa ko te OM4 me te OM5. E 33 ōrau te iti ake o te utu mō te muka OM4 i te OM2, engari he pai ake te mahi. Mā te whakapai ake ki te muka OM4 ka whakakorea taua mōrearea, me te whakarite hoki kia whai hua te pūnaha mai i ngā whanaketanga hou o te hangarau maha-aratau, ka penapenahia ngā utu i roto i te tukanga.

Ka tautoko a OM5 i ngā tere teitei ake me ngā tono matatau ake, tae atu ki te Ethernet 200/400G, me te whakamahi i te WBMMF 8-matua anake. Ahakoa he nui ake te utu i te OM4, ka whai hua mā te whakaiti i te utu o ngā whakapainga a meake nei.

Ngā Whakapaunga Tiaki Wā Roa

Nō reira, he nui te pānga o ngā utu tiaki ki te āhua o tā rātou tahua. Ahakoa he pono ngā tāutanga aratau-kotahi, me whai taputapu motuhake, utu nui, me te tohungatanga hoki hei tiaki me te whakaora.

I tetahi atu taha, he iti ake ngā whakaritenga tiaki mō ngā muka maha-aratau, ā, ka whakaiti i ngā utu mō te wā roa. Mā te whakapai ake ki ngā kōwhiringa maha-aratau kounga teitei ake, pērā i te OM4, te OM5 rānei, ka whakaitihia te uaua o te tiaki, me te whakanui ake i te wātea me te roa o te ora o te pūnaha.

Tātaritanga Utu-Painga

Mō ngā hiahia tawhiti, mō ngā hiahia nui rānei, he pai ake te aratau kotahi. Mō ngā pokapū raraunga, mō ngā umanga rānei e whakanui ana i te kaha ki te tauine me te whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki, he pai ake te uara whānui o te OM4, OM5 rānei.

Whakaurunga me te Hototahitanga

I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i te taura muka whatu, ko te whakaurunga me te hototahitanga he mea nui kia pai ai te rere o tō pūnaha. He pānga nui ēnei ki te whai huatanga o te pūnaha, te tauine mō te wā roa, me te whai huatanga o te utu. Ehara i te mea ko te taurite noa i ngā taura ki te taputapu te kaupapa o te hototahitanga.

Me whakarite hoki kia taea te whakamahi tahi i te pūnaha me ngā kawa o nāianei, kia wātea hoki mō ngā whanaketanga a meake nei, me te kore e nui rawa te uaua.

Te Mahi me ngā Pūnaha o nāianei

Me arotake marie te whakaurunga o ngā muka hou ki ngā whatunga o nāianei. Hei tauira, he tino pai ngā muka OM3 me OM4 mō ngā whatunga e hiahia ana ki ngā tere 10Gb/s ki te 100Gb/s. He painga anō tā OM4, pērā i ngā tawhiti roa me ngā tahua whatu teitei ake, he mea whakapai ake i te utu mō te āpōpō.

Me manatoko te hototahitanga ki ngā taputapu o nāianei, pērā i ngā transceivers me ngā switch, kia kore ai e arai. Ko ngā muka aratau-kotahi, pērā i ngā taura OS, ka mahi i ngā roangaru 1310, 1550 nm rānei, ā, me nui ake te utu o ngā pūtake laser, ka piki ake ngā utu whakauru. Mā te aromatawai wawe i ēnei āhuatanga ka ārai i ngā taupatupatu me ngā whakaroa.

Ngā Momo Hononga me te Hototahi

Nā te mea ka hono ngā pūnaha muka whatu mā te whakamahi i ngā momo hononga rerekē pēnei i te LC, SC, MPO/MTP rānei. Me ōrite te atanga o ēnei hononga ki te atanga o te taputapu kia pai ai te whakaurunga ki roto i te tauira. Hei tauira, kua arotauhia ngā taura OM5 mō ngā whakawhiti i waenga i te 40Gb/s ki te 100Gb/s.

Ka whakamahia e rātou ngā hononga MPO hei whakaiti i te maha o ngā muka e hiahiatia ana. Ko te whiriwhiri i te hononga tika ehara i te mea ka pā ki te ngāwari o te whakatūnga anake, engari ki te mahi hoki, inā koa i ngā tono tere-tiketike.

Te karo i ngā raruraru whakauru noa

Ko ngā raruraru noa e pā ana ki te tipu haere ko te taka ki roto i te mahanga o te peke i ngā tirotiro hototahi me te kore e aro ki te tauine ā muri ake nei. Mā te whakamahi i ngā muka maha-aratau kua whakapaitia pēnei i te OM4 ka taea te whakaiti i te utu pūnaha katoa mā te 1%.

Mā ēnei muka ka taea ētahi atu mahi auaha pēnei i te whakarea wehenga roangaru (WDM). Mā te whakaaro ki ēnei taurangi ka māmā ake te whakawhiti.

Ngā Auahatanga o te Hangarau muka whatu ā muri ake nei

Hei poutokomanawa mō ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hou, kei te whanake tonu te hangarau muka whatu hei whakatutuki i te hiahia e tipu haere ana mō te tuku raraunga tere ake, pono ake hoki. I te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau hou me ngā paerewa e whanake ana i muri i a rātou, kei te hangaia e ngā whakapainga nui ngā huarahi hou, ā, kei te huri i te mata o ngā whatunga muka whatu ake tonu atu.

Ngā Hangarau me ngā Paerewa Hou

Mā te whakaurunga mai o ngā hangarau me ngā hoahoa hou ka huri te huarahi e whakatinanahia ai, e whakahaerehia ai hoki e tātou ngā whatunga muka whatu. Hei tauira, ko ā rātou Hononga CS, kua arotauhia mō ngā tono 200G me 400G, ka whakapai ake i te pai o te tuku raraunga i ngā tere kua piki ake.

He pai ake te matotoru o ēnei hononga āhua iti, ā, he pai hoki mō ngā pokapū raraunga me ngā whatunga waea o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei. Waihoki, kua māmā ake, kua whai hua ake hoki ngā hoahoa whatunga nā ngā hononga muka-maha pērā i te MPO/MTP mā te whakahohe i ngā whānui whānui teitei ake me te whakarato i ngā wā tāutanga tere ake.

Ehara i te mea he kōrero hangarau noa iho te mahi muka whatu. Ka mahi te muka OM5 i ngā roangaru neke atu i te 850 nm. Kei roto i tēnei ko te 880, 910 me te 940 nm, e whakanui ana i te kaha mō ngā tono wehewehenga roangaru poto (SWDM).

Mō ngā muka maha-aratau, ko te whānui o te whānuitanga whai hua o OM4 o te 4700 MHz.km—neke atu i te rua o te whānui o te OM3 i te 2000 MHz.km—ka tino whakanui ake i te kaha kawe raraunga.

Ngā Whakatairanga Pea i roto i ngā Muka OS me OM

Kei te mahi ngā whanaketanga o ngā muka me ngā hangarau OS ki te aro atu ki te hiahia mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero roa. Ka whakanuia e rātou te mahi i ngā roangaru nui pēnei i te 1310 nm me te 1550 nm, he mea nui ngā reiti whakaitiiti iti, arā, 2.3 dB/km te nuinga.

Ko ngā whanaketanga muka OM e pā ana ki te whakanui ake i te whānui o te whatunga me te whai huatanga. Ko tā rātou hoahoa mahi teitei he mea hanga mō ngā whakatinanatanga tino uaua tae atu ki te rorohiko kapua me ngā whatunga e hangai ana ki te matauranga horihori.

Te Whanaketanga o ngā Taupānga muka whatu

Kua tipu ake ngā muka whatu ki tua atu i ō rātou taonga tuku iho whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hei whakamana i ngā auahatanga hou pēnei i te IoT, ngā waka motuhake me ngā tāone atamai. Hei te tau 2025, me te 80% o ngā raraunga o te ao e haere ana mā te muka, e whakaatu ana te whakawhiti i te ngāwari o te hangarau ki te whakautu ki ngā hiahia e whanake haere ana.

Whakamutunga

Mā te mōhio ki ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā taura muka OS me OM ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri i te mea pai rawa atu mō tō tono. He rerekē ngā painga o ia taura, ahakoa mō ngā tawhiti roa, mō ngā āheinga tere tere rānei i ngā rohe iti ake. Ko ngā taura OM te whiringa pai rawa atu mō ngā tono poto ake i roto i ngā whare, i ngā puni rānei pērā i ngā pokapū raraunga, engari ko ngā taura OS he mea hanga hei hipoki i te tawhiti roa me te kore e uaua. Mā te mārama ki te mahi, te utu, me te hototahi o ia momo ka māmā ake te whakatau, me te kore e utu nui mō ngā āhuatanga kāore e hiahiatia ana e koe.

Kei te whanake tonu ngā muka whatu, e whakatakoto ana i te ara mō ngā whatunga tere ake, whai hua ake i mua. Mā te pupuri i a koe kia mātau, kua rite koe, ehara i te mea mō ngā whakaritenga o nāianei anake, engari mō ngā whakahoutanga o āpōpō. Ahakoa kei te hoahoa koe i tētahi whatunga mai i te tīmatanga, kei te whakamahere rānei i tētahi whakapai ake, ko te whiriwhiri tika i tēnei rā ko te karo i ngā hapa utu nui me te wā e pau ana i āpōpō. Me haere tonu ki te ako i a koe anō me te hanga haumi rautaki whai whakaaro ki ō hiahia hononga.

Ngā Pātai Auau

He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā taura muka OS me ngā taura muka OM?

He mea arotau ngā muka OSSB (Optical Single Mode Solutions Based) mō te tuku raraunga roa. I tetahi atu taha, he pai te mahi a ngā muka OM (Optical Multimode) i ngā tawhiti poto. Kotahi anake te ara mārama e whakamahia ana e ngā taura OS, engari he maha ngā ara mārama rerekē e whakamahia ana e ngā taura OM.

He aha te whakamahinga o ngā taura OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4, me OM5?

E whakamahia whānuitia ana a OM1 me OM2 i roto i ngā tono tere-iti, tawhiti-poto. Kua whakawhanakehia a OM3 me OM4 mō ngā whatunga 10 gigabit me runga ake, pērā i ngā mea e kitea ana i roto i ngā pokapū raraunga. Mā te OM5 ka taea ngā tuku whānui me ngā hangarau hou pēnei i te SWDM (Shortwave Wavelength Division Multiplexing).

He aha te rerekētanga i waenganui i te OS1 me te OS2?

Ko te OS1 te mea e pai ana mō te whakamahi i roto i te whare, ko te OS2 ia i hangaia mō ngā tono o waho, o raro rānei i te whenua. He iti ake te whakaiti o te kaha o te OS2, ā, ka roa ake ngā toronga me te pai ake o te mahi.

He hototahi ngā taura OM ki ngā taura OS?

Ko te whakautu ki tēnā ko te kāo — kāore e taea te whakawhiti i ngā taura OM me OS. He rerekē te rahi o te matua me te horapa o te mārama mā roto i te matua. Hei whakatutuki i ngā hua pai rawa atu, whakamahia ngā taura kua hangaia kia rite ki ngā hiahia ahurei o tō pūnaha.

Ko tēhea taura muka te mea pai mō ngā whatunga 100G?

Mō ngā whatunga 100G, he pai ake te whakamahi i te OM4, i te OM5 rānei mō ngā whirihoranga aratau maha. Mō te aratau kotahi, ko te OS2 te kōwhiringa arorau, nā te mea ka taea e ia te tautoko i ngā tawhiti roa i te tere teitei.

He aha te rerekētanga o te utu i waenga i ngā taura OS me OM?

He nui ake te utu o ngā taura OS nā te mea he pai ake te mahi tawhiti. He iti ake te utu o ngā taura OM, he poto ake ngā tawhiti tuku.

He aha ngā mea hei whakaaroaro māku i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi taura muka?

Whakaarohia ngā mea pēnei i te tawhiti, te tere e hiahiatia ana, te āhua o te whakatinanatanga kua kati (i roto, i waho rānei), te hononga ki ngā hanganga o nāianei, me ētahi atu. Te pūnaha whakahaere mō ngā tono tawhiti-roa me te OM mō ngā tono tere-nui, tawhiti-poto.