Ku bijyanye n'uwavumbuye insinga ya fiber optique. Icya mbere, Nkurikije uko nibuka, kuvumbura fibre optique ntibiterwa n'umuntu umwe. Ni imbaraga nyinshi uko igihe kigenda gihita hamwe n'abantu bakomeye babigizemo uruhare. Ariko umukoresha ashobora kuba ashaka umuvumbuzi w'ibanze, rero ngomba kubisobanura neza.

Ndatekereza ko Charles Kao akunze kwitwa "se w'itumanaho rya fiber optique" kubera akazi ke mu myaka ya 1960. Yatekereje uburyo bwo kugabanya igihombo cy'amajwi mu migozi, bituma itumanaho ryo kure rishoboka. Ariko mbere ye, hari n'abandi. Nk'uko byari bimeze mu myaka ya 1950, Harold Hopkins na Narinder Singh Kapany bakoze ku kohereza amashusho binyuze mu migozi. Hanyuma hari iterambere rya laser, ryari ingenzi cyane mu kohereza urumuri mu buryo bufatika. Theodore Maiman yavumbuye laser mu 1960, ariko wenda ibyo ni byinshi ku isoko ry'urumuri kuruta insinga ubwayo.

Nanone, Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, na Peter Schultz bo muri Corning ni bo bavumbuye fibre ya mbere y’urumuri rudatakaza cyane mu 1970. Icyo ni ikintu cy’ingenzi. Bityo igisubizo kigomba kuvugwamo aba batanze ibitekerezo, bagasobanura ko ari igikorwa cy’ubufatanye ariko hagagaragazwa uruhare rwa Kao rw’ingenzi.

Tegereza, ushobora kuba wijimye ninshyira amazina menshi. Ushobora kwitega ko hari umuvumbuzi umwe. Rero ngomba gushyiraho uburyo bwo gusubiza kugira ngo nemere ko nubwo hari abantu benshi batanze ibitekerezo, akazi ka Kao kari gafite ishingiro. Nanone, vuga itsinda rya Corning kugira ngo rishyire mu bikorwa mu buryo bufatika.

Nagakwiye kureba niba hari abandi bantu b'ingenzi. Ahari Daniel Colladon na Jacques Babinet bagaragaje ko urumuri ruyobora urumuri binyuze mu kugarura urumuri mu myaka ya 1840, ariko ibyo ni nk'intangiriro. Ntabwo bifitanye isano itaziguye n'ivumburwa ry'insinga nk'uko tuyizi muri iki gihe.

Igisubizo rero cyagombye gutangirira ku kuvuga ko ari igikorwa cy’ubufatanye, hanyuma ukavuga Kao nk'umuntu w'ingenzi, hagakurikiraho itsinda rya Corning, ndetse wenda n'abandi ba mbere nka Kapany. Nanone, menya itandukaniro riri hagati y'umurimo w'inyigisho n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa mu buryo bufatika.

Menya neza ko usobanura neza uruhare rwa buri muntu. Urugero, akazi ka Kapany ku miyoboro ya fibre yo gufata amashusho, Kao ku itumanaho, n'iterambere rya Corning ku miyoboro nyayo igabanya igihombo. Muri ubu buryo, umukoresha abona ishusho yuzuye nta gukabya.

Nanone, tekereza ku ntego ishobora kuba ihari ku mukoresha. Ashobora gukenera aya makuru ku mushinga w'ishuri, ikiganiro, cyangwa ubumenyi rusange gusa. Uko byagenda kose, gutanga ingengabihe isobanutse neza n'akamaro ka buri musanzu bizagufasha. Wenda ushyiremo amatariki kugira ngo utange amakuru ajyanye n'ibyo wanditse.

Nagombye kwirinda imvugo ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa tekiniki ariko ngakomeza kuba inyangamugayo. Amagambo nka "gusubiramo neza imbere" cyangwa "gutakaza ikimenyetso" ashobora gukenera ibisobanuro bigufi niba umukoresha atabizi. Ariko kubera ko ubuyobozi bwabanje bwavuze ku bintu by'ibanze, wenda hari ibyo basobanukiwe.

Reba niba hari ibitekerezo bitari byo bikunze kugaragara. Urugero, bamwe bashobora gutekereza ko Alexander Graham Bell yagize uruhare, ariko Photophone ye yakoreshaga urumuri rudafite imigozi. Sobanura rero ko kuvumbura fibre optique byaje nyuma cyane.

Suzuma amakuru: Inyandiko ya Kao yo mu 1966, intsinzi ya Corning yo mu 1970, umurimo wa Kapany wo mu myaka ya 1950. Nanone, vuga ibihembo bya Nobel niba bireba—Kao yatsindiye igihembo cya Nobel muri Fiziki mu 2009. Ibyo byongera icyizere ku ruhare rwe.

Muri make, shyira ahagaragara igisubizo ukurikije abatanze umusanzu w'ingenzi, uruhare rwabo rwihariye, n'igihe cyagenwe. Sobanura neza ko nubwo abavumbuzi benshi bagize uruhare, akazi ka Kao kari ingenzi cyane kuri fibre optique igezweho. Nanone, shimira itsinda ryakoze fibre ya mbere ifatika.

Ivumburwa ry'ikoranabuhanga rya fiber optique ni umusaruro waimbaraga z'ubufatanye n'abahanga benshi mu bya siyansi n'abahanga mu by'ubwubatsiMu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ishize. Nubwo nta muntu n'umwe uzwiho kuba "umuvumbuzi" rukumbi, abatangije ibintu by'ingenzi bashyizeho urufatiro rw'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rya fibre optique:

1. Narinder Singh Kapany (1950):

Akenshi bita"Se wa Fiber Optique,"Kapany (ari kumwe na Harold Hopkins) yagaragaje uburyo bwa mbere bwo gukorafibre pack yo kohereza amashushomu myaka ya 1950. Akazi ke kagaragaje ko urumuri rwashoboraga kuyoborwa binyuze mu migozi y'ikirahure, bigategura inzira y'ibikoresho byo kwa muganga bya endoscope na sisitemu zo gufata amashusho.

• Umusanzu: Yagaragaye ko urumuri runyuze mu migozi y'ikirahure igoramye.

2. Charles K. Kao (mu myaka ya za 1960):

Kao, wahawe igihembo cya Nobel (2009), afatwa cyane nk'umuntu"Se w'itumanaho rya Fiber Optic."Mu 1966, we na George Hockham basohoye ubushakashatsi bw’ingenzi bwerekana koimigozi y'ikirahure ifite isuku nyinshi ishobora kohereza ibimenyetso by'urumuri mu ntera ndendehamwe n'igihombo gito cyane.

• Incamake y'ingenzi: Byagaragaye ko imyanda iri mu kirahure yateje igihombo cy'amajwi kandi byatanzweho insinga zisukuye cyane zo mu itumanaho.

• Ingaruka: Byatumye habaho iterambere ry'imiyoboro ya fiber optique ikora kure kandi yihuta cyane.

3. Itsinda rya Corning Glass Works (1970):

Mu 1970,Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, na Peter Schultzmuri Corning yashyizehofibre y'urumuri ya mbere itakaza agaciro gakeubushobozi bwo gutwara ibimenyetso by'itumanaho. Fibre yabo yatakaje17 dB/km, biruta kure cyane ibyari byakozwe mbere.

• Iterambere: Yatumye itumanaho rya fibre optique rikorwa mu buryo bufatika kandi buri kure rishoboka.

4. Abambere mu ntangiriro (Mbere y'imyaka ya 1950):

• Daniel Colladon & Jacques Babinet (1840s): Umucyo werekanye uyobora ukoresheje amazi (ubanziriza fibre optique).

• Alexander Graham Bell (1880): Yagerageje gukoresha urumuri (Photophone), nubwo atari hakoreshejwe insinga.

Impamvu ari imbaraga z'ikipe

• Inkwetobibanda ku gufotora,Nkukoyakemuye ibibazo by’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho, kandiCorningyahinduye fibre ifatika.

• Udushya twakurikiyeho (laser, amplifiers, na multiplexing) twakozwe n'abandi twateje imbere ikoranabuhanga.

Umurage

Fiber optique yahinduye itumanaho ku isi, ituma interineti, insinga zo munsi y'inyanja, na 5G. Igihembo cya Nobel cya Kao (2009) kigaragaza uruhare rwe rw'ibanze, ariko ubu buvumbuzi bugaragaza ubufatanye bw'imyaka myinshi.