Mō te kaihanga o te taura muka whatu. Tuatahi, ki taku mahara, kāore te hanganga o te muka whatu i kīia he mahi nā te tangata kotahi. He mahi kohikohi i roto i te wā me ngā kaitautoko matua. Engari tera pea kei te rapu te kaiwhakamahi i tētahi kaihanga matua, nō reira me whakamārama atu ahau.

Ki taku whakaaro, e kiia ana a Charles Kao ko te "matua o ngā whakawhitiwhitinga muka whatu" mō āna mahi i ngā tau 1960. I kitea e ia te huarahi hei whakaiti i te ngaronga tohu i roto i ngā muka, kia taea ai te whakawhitiwhitinga tawhiti. Engari i mua atu i a ia, i reira ētahi atu. Pērā i ngā tau 1950, i mahi a Harold Hopkins rāua ko Narinder Singh Kapany ki te tuku whakaahua mā roto i ngā paihere muka. Kātahi ka puta te whanaketanga o te laser, he mea nui mō te tuku māramatanga mahi. Nā Theodore Maiman i hanga te laser i te tau 1960, engari tera pea he nui ake te take o te pūtake māramatanga i te taura tonu.

I tua atu, nā Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, me Peter Schultz i Corning i whakawhanake te muka whatu iti-ngaronga tuatahi i te tau 1970. He tohu nui tēnā. Nō reira, me whakahua te whakautu i ēnei kaituhi, me te whakamārama he mahi tahi engari me te whakanui i te tūranga matua a Kao.

Taria, tera pea ka pōhēhē koe mēnā ka whakarārangihia e au ētahi ingoa. Tērā pea ka tumanako koe ki tētahi kaihanga kotahi. Nō reira, me whakarite e au te whakautu kia mōhio ai ahau ahakoa he maha ngā kaihautū, ko te mahi a Kao te mea nui. Me whakahua anō hoki te tīma Corning mō te whakatinanatanga mahi.

Me tirotiro e au mēnā he tangata matua kē atu. Tērā pea nā Daniel Colladon rāua ko Jacques Babinet i whakaatu te arataki mārama mā te whakaata i ngā tau 1840, engari he tohu mua noa atu tēnā. Kāore i te hono tika ki te hanganga o te taura e mōhiotia ana e tātou i ēnei rā.

Nō reira, me tīmata te whakautu mā te kī he mahi tahi tēnei, kātahi ka whakahuatia a Kao hei tangata matua, ā, muri iho ko te tīma Corning, me ētahi atu kaituhi o mua pērā i a Kapany. Me mōhio hoki ki te rerekētanga i waenga i te mahi ariā me te whakatinanatanga mahi.

Kia mārama te whakamārama i te takoha a ia tangata. Hei tauira, ko te mahi a Kapany ki ngā paihere muka mō te whakaahua, ko te mahi a Kao ki ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me te whanaketanga a Corning i te muka iti-ngaro. Mā tēnei, ka whiwhi te kaiwhakamahi i tētahi tirohanga whānui me te kore e whakangawari rawa.

Whakaarohia hoki te hiahia pea o te kaiwhakamahi. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia ēnei mōhiohio mō tētahi kaupapa kura, mō tētahi whakaaturanga, mō ngā mōhiotanga whānui rānei. Ahakoa pēhea, he pai te whakarato i tētahi rārangi wā mārama me te hiranga o ia takoha. Tāpirihia pea ngā rā hei whakamārama i te horopaki.

Me karo au i ngā kupu hangarau engari me tika tonu. Mēnā kāore te kaiwhakamahi i te mōhio ki ngā kupu pēnei i te "whakaata ā-roto katoa" me te "ngaronga tohu", me whakamārama poto pea. Engari nā te mea kua hipokina e te aratohu o mua ētahi kaupapa matua, tera pea kua mārama kē rātou.

Tirohia mēnā he whakaaro hē noa iho. Hei tauira, tera pea ētahi e whakaaro ana he mahi tā Alexander Graham Bell, engari i whakamahia e tana Photophone te mārama me te kore muka. Nō reira, whakamāramahia mai i muri mai i te hanganga o te muka whatu.

Tirohia anō ngā meka: te pepa a Kao i te tau 1966, te putanga hou o Corning i te tau 1970, ngā mahi a Kapany i te tekau tau 1950. Me whakahua anō hoki ngā Tohu Nobel mēnā e tika ana—i toa a Kao i te Tohu Nobel mō te Ahupūngao i te tau 2009. Mā tēnā ka whai mana anō hoki tana takoha.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, hangaia te whakautu hei whakaatu i ngā kaihautū matua, ā rātou mahi motuhake, me te rārangi wā. Me mārama, ahakoa he maha ngā kaihanga i whai wāhi, he mea nui te mahi a Kao mō ngā muka whatu hou. Me mihi hoki ki te tīma nāna i hanga te muka whatu mahi tuatahi.

Ko te hua o te hangarau muka whatu i hangaia mai ingā mahi tahi a ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā miihini mahamō ngā tekau tau. Ahakoa kāore he tangata kotahi i kīia ko ia anake te "kaihanga", nā ngā paionia matua i whakatakoto te turanga mō ngā muka whatu hou:

1. Narinder Singh Kapany (1950s):

E kiia pinepine ana ko te"Matua o te muka whatu,"I whakaatu a Kapany (me Harold Hopkins) i te mahi tuatahipaihere muka mō te tuku whakaahuai ngā tau 1950. Nā āna mahi i whakamātau ka taea te ārahi i te mārama mā roto i ngā muka karāhe, ā, nā tēnei i whakatakoto te ara mō ngā endoscope hauora me ngā pūnaha whakaahua.

• Takoha: I whakamātauhia te tuku mārama mā roto i ngā muka karāhe piko.

2. Charles K. Kao (ngā tau 1960):

Ko Kao, he toa Nobel (2009), e kiia whānuitia ana ko ia te"Matua o ngā Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Muka Whatu."I te tau 1966, i whakaputa rāua ko George Hockham i ngā rangahau hou e whakaatu ana i tērāKa taea e ngā muka karāhe tino parakore te tuku tohu mārama ki ngā tawhiti roame te iti rawa o te mate.

• Te Tirohanga MatuaI tautuhia ko ngā poke i roto i te karāhe i hua ai te ngaronga o te tohu, ā, i whakaarohia ngā muka tino parakore mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.

• PāngaI whakahohea te whanaketanga o ngā whatunga muka whatu tawhiti, tere-tiketike.

3. Te Rōpū Mahi Karāhe a Corning (1970):

I te tau 1970,Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, me Peter Schultzi Corning i hanga temuka whatu iti-ngaronga tuatahika taea te kawe i ngā tohu waea. I ngaro te muka o tā rātou17 dB/km, he nui atu i ngā nganatanga o mua.

• PakaritangaNā te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero muka whatu whai hua, tawhiti hoki i taea ai.

4. Ngā Paionia o Mua (I mua i te tekau tau 1950):

• Daniel Colladon me Jacques Babinet (1840s): Kua whakaaturia te arataki mārama mā roto i ngā pupuhi wai (te tūāpapa mō ngā muka whatu).

• Ārehanara Kereama Pere (1880)I whakamātauria te tuku māramatanga (Photophone), engari kāore i te whakamahi i ngā muka.

He aha i mahi tahi ai te tīma

• Hue arotahi ana ki te whakaahua,Heii whakatau i ngā wero whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ariā, ā,Kōningii hangaia te muka mahi.

• Nā ngā mahi auaha a ētahi atu i muri mai (ngā taiaho, ngā whakakaha reo, me ngā mahi whakarea) i tino whakatairanga ake i te hangarau.

Taonga Tuku Iho

Nā te muka whatu i huri te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o te ao, ā, ka taea te ipurangi, ngā taura o raro moana, me te 5G. E whakaatu ana te Tohu Nobel a Kao (2009) i tana tūranga taketake, engari e whakaata ana te mea hou i ngā tekau tau o te mahi tahi.