Insinga za fibre optique Bikozwe mu byuma by'ikirahure cyangwa pulasitiki gusa, bigatuma habaho ubushobozi bwo kohereza no kurenza urugero. Birushaho guhuza ibice birinda kugira ngo bikomeze gukora neza mu gihe bihangana n'ibintu bitandukanye.

Imbere, akenshi hacibwamo ikirahure gisukuye cyane, itwara ibimenyetso bishingiye ku rumuri, kandi gupfuka bishimangira ko ikimenyetso kigaragara mu mutima mu buryo budashira. Imbere, nk'icyuma cyo hanze cya polymer, byongera ubushobozi bwo kurinda no kunama.

Ibi bice byose bikora hamwe kugira ngo bitange itumanaho ryihuse cyane kandi rihoraho. Kumenyera ibi bikoresho bizagufasha guhitamo insinga ikwiye ijyanye n'ibyo ukeneye mu gihe wongera imikorere, ikiguzi, n'ibijyanye n'ibidukikije.

Umugozi wa Fiber Optic ni iki?

Insinga za fibre optique, zikoresha ibimenyetso by'urumuri aho gukoresha iz'amashanyarazi, ni zo zikoreshwa neza cyane mu kohereza amakuru. Izi nsinga za fibre optique zikozwe mu gice cy'imbere n'igice cy'inyuma, byakozwe by'umwihariko kugira ngo byungukire ku ishusho y'imbere yose. Ibi bibaho kubera ko igice cy'imbere, gikozwe muri ultra pure silicon dioxide (SiO2), gifite igipimo kinini cya refraction.

Mu kubikora, birenga urugero rw'igitambaro cyo gupfuka. Bitewe n'uko igice cy'imbere cy'inyuma gisukuye, urumuri rugaragara nk'aho ureba mu kirahuri cy'idirishya cya kilometero eshanu. Iyi miterere ifite patenti ituma amakuru yihuta kandi yizewe mu ntera ndende cyane.

Fiber optique ni inkingi y'ibikorwa remezo byacu by'itumanaho kuva kuri interineti yihuta kugeza ku guhuza hagati y'ibigo by'amakuru. Sisitemu zigezweho zishobora gushyigikira urujya n'uruza rw'abantu kuri 800 Gbps. Mu by'ukuri, nk'uko twabibonye mu mikoreshereze y'ikoranabuhanga rya fibre optique mu gace runaka, fibre ishobora kuzana umuvuduko wihuta inshuro amagana kurusha ukuri kwa interineti muri iki gihe, igahindura cyane uburyo dutumanaho no kubona amakuru.

Izi nsinga zitanga ubutinde buke. Kubera ko urumuri rugenda ku muvuduko wa kilometero zigera ku 124.000 ku isegonda, ibi bivuze ko hari ubutinde bwa mikorosegonda 5 kugeza kuri 5.5 kuri kilometero imwe.

Gukora insinga za fiber optique bishingiye ku buhanga. Imbere, ubusanzwe santimetero 0.0003 kugeza kuri 0.001 z'umurambararo bitewe n'uko hakoreshejwe multimode cyangwa singlemode, byohereza ibyo bimenyetso by'urumuri. Fibre za multimode zirakora cyane.

Imigozi ya Multimode ifite ibice binini kandi ikora neza mu ntera ngufi, ibi bigatuma iba nziza ku miyoboro y’ahantu runaka (LANs). Ku rundi ruhande, imigozi ya single-mode ikoreshwa neza mu kohereza amakuru kure, nk'uko bikenewe mu itumanaho. Ifuro, rifite umurambararo munini gato ugereranije n’ipfundo, rituma urumuri ruguma mu gice cy’imbere.

Izindi ntera, nk'ipamba ririnda, igice cy'imbaraga za aramid, n'ikoti ryo hanze, birinda insinga, bigatuma ikomera ndetse no mu bihe bigoye cyane. Insinga za fibre optique zifite inyungu zigaragara cyane ugereranije n'insinga z'umuringa.

Bagira ikibazo gito cyane cy’amajwi, gipimirwa muri desibeli kuri kilometero, kuva kuri 0.06 dB/mile kuri single-mode kugeza kuri 1 dB/mile kuri multimode. Uburyo bwabo bwo gukora ibintu bitandukanye butuma bakwiriye porogaramu zitandukanye, harimo imiyoboro y’itumanaho, ikigo cy’amakuru, ndetse na interineti yo mu rugo.

Ibice by'ingenzi bya Fiber Optic Cables

Insinga za fibre optique zigizwe n'ibice byinshi by'ingenzi, buri kimwe kikaba gifite intego ikomeye yo guhuriza hamwe kugira ngo amakuru ahererekanywa neza. Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gukora ibi bice byose bigira uruhare runini mu mikorere, ubwizerwe, no kuramba kwabyo. Hasi aha, turareba neza ibi bice by'ingenzi.

Core: Umuyoboro w'Itumanaho ry'Urumuri

Hagati mu nsinga ya fibre optique hari igice cy’imbere, gishinzwe gutwara ibimenyetso by’urumuri byohereza amakuru. Igice cy’imbere ni ikirahure gito cyangwa fibre ya pulasitiki ifungiye mu gipfundikizo. Igice cy’imbere cy’ikirahure gitanga imikorere myiza mu ntera ndende, kuko kidatakaza ibimenyetso byinshi.

Nubwo ibyuma bya pulasitiki bidakora neza cyane, birahendutse kandi biragoye koroherwa bigatuma bikoreshwa mu bikorwa by'igihe gito. Ingaruka ku mikorere myiza muri rusange zigira ingaruka ku bugari bw'icyuma. Iki gice gito gikunze kuboneka mu migozi y'uburyo bumwe, ikundwa cyane mu kohereza ubutumwa kure bitewe n'uko nta kimenyetso cyabyo cyatakaye cyane.

Zitanga igihombo gito cyane ku majwi, ubusanzwe 0.19 dB/km kuri 1550 nm. Fibre nyinshi zo mu bwoko bwa "core count multimode" zikora neza mu ntera ngufi cyane. Zifite igipimo cyo kugabanya 3 dB/km kuri 850 nm.

Gupfuka: Kongera ubushobozi bwo gufunga urumuri

Ikizengurutse igice cy’imbere cy’urumuri ni icyuma gikingira urumuri, gikora kugira ngo urumuri rugaruke mu gice cy’imbere cy’urumuri kugira ngo ibimenyetso bikomeze gukomera mu ntera ndende. Ibi bigerwaho binyuze mu itandukaniro riri hagati y’igice cy’imbere n’igice cy’imbere cy’urumuri, akenshi 1.49 na 1.47, uko bikurikirana, ku bunini bwa nanometero 1300.

Iri tandukaniro rituma habaho ubwiza bw'imbere mu buryo bwuzuye, ibyo bikaba ari ngombwa kugira ngo amakuru ya fibre optique yohererezwe neza. Ibikoresho byo gupfuka bigabanya cyane gusohoka no gutakaza ibimenyetso kugira ngo bitange uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru mu buryo bwiza kandi bufite imikorere myiza.

Kugabanya umuvuduko w'ibimenyetso mu migozi ya multimode-index muri iki gihe bishobora kugabanuka kugeza kuri desibeli 1 kuri kilometero 1300. Uru rugero rugaragaza akamaro ko gushushanya neza imigozi.

Gupfuka/Gukingira: Kurinda Fibre

Igipfundikizo cy'ibanze gishyirwa ku gipfundikizo kugira ngo kirinde fibre ingaruka mbi za mekanike n'ibintu byo hanze. Ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa nka acrylate cyangwa silikoni bitanga ubworoherane n'uburinzi ku bushuhe.

Izi mvange zirushaho kunoza uburambe bw'insinga, bigatuma ikomeza kwihanganira stress mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha no kuyishyiraho.

Gukomeza Fibres: Kwemeza ko biramba

Ingufu zo hanze, nka Kevlar cyangwa Twaron, zibohwa mu nsinga kugira ngo insinga zidacika. Ibi bikoresho bifasha gukwirakwiza imbaraga mu buryo bumwe, bikarinda igice cyo hasi cy’imbere n’igipfundikizo mu gihe cyose cyo gushyiraho no gukora.

Iyi mbaraga yiyongereyeho ifasha gutuma insinga iba yizewe cyane, ndetse no mu bihe bigoye cyane.

Ikoti: Gutanga Uburinzi Rusange

Ikoti ryo hanze rikoreshwa nk'umurongo wa nyuma w'ubwirinzi, rifunga ibintu byose by'imbere kandi rikabirinda imbaraga zo hanze nko gucika no kwinjira kw'amazi. Ibikoresho bya ethylene cyangwa PVC sheath bikunze gukoreshwa ku nsinga za fibre optique mu kurinda ibintu bikomeye bihungabanya ibidukikije, mu gihe bitanga uburyo bworoshye bwo koroshya insinga.

Akenshi amakoti afite imiterere myinshi, akoreshwa mu kurinda insinga no kongera igihe kirekire nta kwangiza imikorere yayo mu bidukikije cyangwa mu bikorwa byayo.

Ibikoresho bya Fiber Optic Cable: Incamake

Insinga za fibre optique zigizwe n'ibikoresho bitandukanye, buri gikoresho cyatoranijwe kugira ngo cyongere imikorere, igihe kirekire, n'ibikenewe mu bikorwa byihariye. Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gukora insinga za fibre optique bigira uruhare runini mu bushobozi bw'insinga bwo kohereza amakuru neza. Bigira ingaruka ku bushobozi bw'insinga bwo kwihanganira ibidukikije n'imiterere ya mekanike.

Kumenya ibikoresho insinga za fiber optique zikorwamo bizakwereka uko bikora. Ikirenzeho, birerekana akamaro gakomeye ko guhitamo ibikoresho muri ubu buryo bugezweho.

1. Ibikoresho by'ingenzi: Ikirahure ugereranyije na Plasitike

Gutwikira insinga ya fibre optique birinda igice cy'imbere n'igipfundikizo. Ibice by'ikirahure, bikozwe muri silica ifite ubuziranenge bwinshi, bifite agaciro kubera ko bifite ubusobanuro bwiza kandi bitakaza ikimenyetso kinini mu ntera ndende. Ikirahure cya silica, cyakozwe hakoreshejwe quartz ishongeshejwe, kigera ku rwego rutangaje rw'ubuziranenge.

Iri koranabuhanga ritangaje ryemerera amakuru koherezwa nta mvururu nyinshi zibangamiye. Ibintu by’ubutaka bidasanzwe, nka germanium, bishobora gushyirwaho kugira ngo byongere igipimo cyo kugarura ubushyuhe. Gusubiramo germanium ahanini ni ingenzi kuko iboneka gake cyane, iboneka mu rugero ruto mu gice cy’isi.

Inkuta za pulasitiki zirahendutse cyane kandi zoroshye gukora. Zifite ibyiza byinshi bitanga icyizere bijyanye no gukoresha intera ndende, cyane cyane mu nyubako no mu bikoresho bikoreshwa n'abaguzi.

Muri ibyo bihe, kuramba no koroha ni byo bikundwa kuruta gukoresha neza intera ndende. Fibre za pulasitiki si amahitamo meza yo kohereza amakuru mu ntera ndende, ariko zishobora kuba amahitamo meza ku bikorwa bihendutse bitewe nuko bihendutse.

2. Ibikoresho byo gupfuka: Imiterere n'icyo bigamije

Gupfuka bigira uruhare runini mu kubungabunga imikorere y'urumuri rusohoka. Ubusanzwe gupfuka bikora muri polymeri zifite fluorine cyangwa silica ya doped. Bifunga igice cy'imbere hanyuma bigasubiza urumuri muri cyo, byifashishije igitekerezo cyo kugarura urumuri imbere mu buryo bwuzuye.

Ibi byose hamwe, bitanga igihombo gito cyane ku kimenyetso no kohereza amakuru neza. Guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye byo gupfuka ni ingenzi cyane kuri porogaramu zisaba ubuhanga, nko mu itumanaho cyangwa mu gufata amashusho y’ubuvuzi.

3. Ibikoresho byo gusiga: Ubwoko n'imikorere

Akenshi dusiga irangi mu biganiro kuri fibre optique kuko riba riri ahantu hose. Ibikoresho nka acrylate cyangwa polyimide birinda fibre amazi, kwangirika n'ibindi bibazo bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije ndetse n'ibya buri munsi.

Izi mpako zidasanzwe zituma insinga zikomera kandi ziramba. Zituma insinga zikemura ibibazo byo kuyishyiraho no kwihanganira ibidukikije mu gihe zitanga umusaruro mwiza.

Optike y'ibirahure: Kwibira mu mazi menshi

Fibre optique y'ibirahure yahinduye urwego rw'itumanaho itanga ibikorwa remezo byo kohereza amakuru mu buryo bwihuse kandi bwizewe, kandi bukwirakwira hose. Iyi fibre, igizwe n'ibirahure bisukuye cyane, yahinduye uburyo amakuru agenda, kuva ku nsinga zo munsi y'inyanja zizenguruka imigabane kugeza ku miyoboro yo mu gace ifasha mu ngo n'ubucuruzi.

Imiterere yazo y'ibanze igizwe n'ikirahure, igipfundikizo, n'igitambaro cyo kurinda. Iyi mikoranire idasanzwe igira uruhare mu kohereza ubutumwa bwiza ku buryo butuma habaho igihombo gito cyane hamwe no kuramba. Zitwara abantu barenga 90% by'abasura interineti ku isi, ibyo bikaba bigaragaza akamaro kazo mu guhuza abantu ku isi.

Ikirahure cya Silika: Amahitamo y'ibanze

Ikirahure cya silica ni bwo buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu itumanaho rya fibre optique kubera ko gifite ubuziranenge budasanzwe kandi gifite imiterere isobanutse neza. Iyo habayeho kugabanuka kw'amakuru ku buryo budasanzwe, amakuru ashobora kugenda ibirometero byinshi nta guhindagurika, bigatuma fibre y'ikirahure iba igikoresho cyiza cyane cyo gukoresha mu itumanaho ryihuse.

Byongeye kandi, imiterere idasanzwe ya silica y’urumuri, harimo n’uburyo budakwirakwira no kwinjiza ibintu, bifasha kongera imbaraga z’amajwi no kugabanya igihombo cyo kohereza. Ibikoresho bishya birakomeye bihagije kugira ngo bishobore kwihanganira ubushyuhe bukabije n’ibidukikije. Uku kuramba kurushaho gutuma irushaho kuba nziza mu ikoranabuhanga rya fibre optique ry’ibirahure.

Ibikoresho bitanga imiti igabanya ubukana bw'imiti: Guhindura igipimo cy'imiti igabanya ubukana bw'imiti

Ibikoresho bitanga imiti igabanya ubushyuhe ni ingenzi mu guhindura imiterere y’imigozi y’ibirahure. Ibi binyabutabire bifitanye isano n’imikorere, nka germanium cyangwa fosifore, bihindura imiterere y’ibirahure bigatuma biyobora urumuri neza.

Gukoresha indorerwamo mu kirahuri bigira ingaruka ku itandukaniro ry’urutonde rw’ikirahuri hagati y’inyuma n’inyuma. Ibi birema umupaka w’imbere ugaragaza neza urumuri mu gice cy’inyuma, bikongera uburyo bwo kohereza ibimenyetso. Mu gukuraho ibintu bituma habaho guhindagurika, uru rwego rwo kugenzura rwongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara amakuru mu gihe bigabanya guhindagurika, bigatuma icyifuzo cy’itumanaho ryihuse kandi ryizewe muri iki gihe gikemuka.

Gukora Ikirahure Gisukuye Cyane

Gukora imigozi y'ibirahure ifite isuku nyinshi bisaba ubuhanga bwo hejuru cyane, nka Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD). Urugero, hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa MCVD, imyuka ya chloride ishyirwa mu muyoboro wa silica uzenguruka, bigatuma habaho preform - ikiyiko cy'ibirahure gifite ububobere bunini.

Iyi preform irashyuha hanyuma igakururwa mu migozi mito kandi ijyanye neza n'umurambararo wifuzwa. Uburyo bwo gushushanya butuma ibikoresho bikomera cyane. Ubuziranenge ni ingenzi; ndetse n'imyanda mike ya ppm ishobora kwangiza imikorere y'urumuri. Imirimo igezweho yo gukora igomba kugera ku buryo busobanutse kandi bukomeye busabwa kuri iyi migozi kugira ngo ihangane n'ubukana bw'itumanaho ryo ku isi muri iki gihe.

Ibyiza by'imigozi y'ikirahure

Imigozi y'ikirahure ntagereranywa mu bwiza bwayo bwo kohereza amakuru, ikaba ishobora gutwara imiyoboro minini mu ntera ndende idasenyuka. Umugozi umwe gusa ushobora gutwara amashusho arenga miliyoni 10 icyarimwe.

Kuramba kwazo bigabanya ikiguzi cyo gusimbuza no kubungabunga, bigatuma ziba igisubizo cyuzuye ku bigo bikora akazi gafite ikiguzi. Ubudahangarwa bwazo ku bushobozi bwo kwirinda amashanyarazi butuma ziba amahitamo yizewe ku bidukikije bisaba imbaraga nyinshi.

Ingaruka mbi z'imigozi y'ikirahure

Nubwo imigozi y'ibirahure ifite ibyiza byinshi, hari ibindi bibazo mu ikoreshwa ryayo. Kuba idakomeye bivuze ko igomba kwitabwaho neza mu gihe cyo kuyishyiraho kugira ngo idacika.

Uburyo bwo gushyiraho ubwabwo bushobora kuba busaba abakozi benshi, bugasaba abatekinisiye b'abahanga n'ibikoresho byihariye. Ubwa mbere, sisitemu z'ibirahure zihenze cyane kurusha izindi nzira. Nk'uko umuntu wese w'inararibonye mu gutegura ingendo azabikubwira, inyungu zabo z'igihe kirekire hafi ya zose ziruta izi kiguzi.

Optike ya Plastiki: Kwibira mu mazi menshi

Fibre optique ya pulasitiki, ubusanzwe ishyirwa mu gicucu cy’ibirahuri, ifite ibyiza bikomeye bitanga umusaruro ku byifuzo byihariye. Nubwo fibre z’ibirahuri zikorwa muri silica y’amazi kandi zigakenera gukoreshwa neza mu gucunga, fibre za pulasitiki zikorwa hakoreshejwe polymer. Ubu buryo bwo gukora cyane butuma fibre za pulasitiki zihinduka kandi zihendutse.

Nubwo imigozi y'ibirahure yiganje mu itumanaho rya kure bitewe n'ubushobozi bwayo bwo kohereza amakuru yihuta mu ntera nini, imigozi ya pulasitiki ikoresha urumuri (POFs) irabagirana mu bikorwa bigufi, nko mu matara y'imodoka, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bikoreshwa n'abantu, n'amatara yo gushushanya. Ubushobozi bwayo bwo gutwara urumuri kurusha ikirahure, hamwe n'imbaraga zayo, bituma iba amahitamo menshi mu nzego nyinshi.

Polymeri za Acrylic: Ibikoresho bisanzwe bya pulasitiki

Muri polimeri za acrylic, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) ni yo ikoreshwa cyane mu migozi ya pulasitiki. PMMA ifite uruvange rwihariye rw'ubuhanga buhanitse bw'urumuri, ubukana buke mu ntera ngufi, no kwirinda ibidukikije. Iyi miterere idasanzwe ituma ikora neza cyane mu kohereza urumuri rugaragara.

Ubu buryo bwiza butuma ikoreshwa ryabyo rirushaho kuba ryiza nko gukoresha amatara menshi no mu matara yo mu modoka. Imigozi ya acrylic irakomeye kandi yoroshye kuyikoresha kurusha imigozi ya fibre optique y'ibirahure. Ntiyoroha cyane kandi ishobora guhindurwamo imiterere yoroshye idacikagurika.

Ku bijyanye no kohereza amakuru mu ntera ndende, imigozi y'ibirahure ni yo ikoreshwa cyane. Ibi bigaragazwa n'uko ikimenyetso cyayo cyatakaye kandi ko ifite ubushobozi bwo kugira umuvuduko wo hejuru.

Ibyiza by'imigozi ya pulasitiki

Imigozi ya pulasitiki itanga ibyiza byinshi, cyane cyane iyo ikoreshwa mu ntera ngufi. Ni yoroshye, yoroshye kandi irwanya ingaruka, bigatuma ikwiranye neza n'ahantu hakomeye. Kugura igiciro cyayo bituma ishyirwa mu isoko ry'ibicuruzwa by'abaguzi, aho ibicuruzwa by'abaguzi bikunze kugabanywa n'ibiciro by'ibikoresho.

Bitewe n'uko byoroshye, kubishyiramo biroroshye. Uburyo bworoshye bwo kugorora butuma inzira zinyura mu bidukikije bidasanzwe, nko mu byumba by'imodoka cyangwa ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga binini, byoroha kandi bikoroha.

Ingaruka mbi z'imigozi ya pulasitiki

Hari ikibazo: imigozi ya pulasitiki si umuti w'ibibazo. Ifite umuyoboro muto w'amashanyarazi ugereranije n'imigozi y'ibirahure kandi ifite intera ngufi cyane yo kohereza amakuru, kandi ishobora gutakaza ibimenyetso. Imirasire y'izuba n'ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe, hamwe n'ibindi bintu bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije, bishobora kwangiza imikorere yayo uko igihe kigenda gihita.

Nubwo hari izi mbogamizi, iyo zikoreshejwe neza, inyungu zazo ziruta kure izi ngingo.

Imikoreshereze ya Fibre za Plastiki

Insinga za pulasitiki zisanzwe zikoreshwa cyane mu matara y'imodoka, mu kwerekana imitako, no mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga. Zirimo kuba ingenzi cyane mu itumanaho, mu kohereza amakuru mu gihe gito, cyane cyane mu miyoboro yo mu gace.

Uburyo butandukanye bakora ni bwo butuma bakomeza kuba ingenzi mu nganda nyinshi zitandukanye.

Ikirahure vs. Plastike: Igereranya ryimbitse

Insinga za fibre optique zabaye ingenzi cyane mu miyoboro y'itumanaho yo muri iki gihe. Imikorere yazo n'uburyo zikoreshwa bijyana gusa n'ibikoresho uhisemo kuzubaka. Ibi bikoresho byombi ni ibirahure na pulasitiki, buri kimwe gifite ibyiza byacyo n'ibibi byacyo. Kumenyera izi tandukaniro ry'ingenzi bigufasha guhitamo uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha mu buryo bwihariye.

Imiterere y'Ishusho n'Imikorere y'Ibimenyetso

Kubera ko fibre y'ikirahure ifite igipimo cyo hejuru cyane cyo kugarura ubushyuhe, bivuze ko ishobora gutwara amakuru menshi kandi asobanutse neza cyane. Imiterere yayo ituma iba nziza cyane mu kohereza amakuru yihuta cyane mu ntera ndende, igakomeza ubuziranenge bw'ibimenyetso nubwo hatabaho igihombo kinini. Urugero, fibre y'ikirahure ishobora kugera kuri BER ya 10^-12. Uru rwego rw'imikorere rutuma habaho kwiringirwa mu bikorwa bikomeye by'ubucuruzi n'inganda.

Imigozi y'ikirahure irwanya cyane amashanyarazi, bigatuma ikoreshwa mu bidukikije birimo urusaku rwinshi rw'amashanyarazi. Imigozi y'ikirahure ya pulasitiki (POF) ifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya cyane amashanyarazi, bigatuma intera yayo yo kohereza igera kuri metero zitarenze 100. Imigozi y'ikirahure ni nziza mu gukora imikoranire yihuta mu nyubako, cyane cyane mu mazu no mu bigo bitanga serivisi z'amashanyarazi.

Ariko, ntabwo ikora neza mu buryo bwo gukoresha intera ndende cyangwa mu buryo bwo gukoresha busaba kohereza amakuru hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rihanitse. Imiterere y'urumuri rw'ibirahure iratandukanye cyane. Ibi byatumye iba ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu kohereza amakuru mu buryo bw'ingenzi, cyane cyane mu itumanaho no mu bigo by'amakuru.

Ibipimo by'ikiguzi

Ubusanzwe fibre ya pulasitiki ihendutse cyane, ibi bikaba bishobora gutuma iba amahitamo meza ku mishinga ifite ingengo y'imari nto. Uburyo bworoshye bwo kuyikora n'ibiciro by'ibikoresho bihendutse bifasha gusobanura igiciro cyayo gihendutse. Fibre y'ikirahure itanga agaciro gakomeye mu gihe kirekire, bitewe n'imikorere yayo myiza, kuramba kwayo no kugabanuka kw'amajwi uko igihe kigenda gihita.

Gukoresha fibre y'ibirahure bisaba ibikoresho byihariye, ubuhanga, n'uburyo bwo kuyishyiraho, bigatuma ikiguzi cyayo cy'ibanze cyiyongera. Nubwo ikiguzi cyayo cya mbere gishobora gusa n'aho kiri hejuru, ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukomeza imiyoboro irambye kandi yihuta bugabanya cyane gukenera kuvugurura cyangwa gusimbuza mu gihe kizaza.

Mu gihe ikiguzi ari cyo cyonyine kigomba kwitabwaho, fibre ya pulasitiki igomba kuba ihagije mu bikorwa by'igihe gito cyangwa bike. Ku bigo bishishikajwe no kwizera no kwaguka, fibre akenshi ni yo ikoreshwa mu gihe kirekire kandi yizewe.

Kuramba no Kuramba

Imigozi y'ibirahure irakomeye cyane, ishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe buri hejuru cyane, ndetse n'ubushyuhe buke, kuva kuri -40°F kugeza kuri 900°F. Uku kuramba kwayo gutuma igera mu bihe bikomeye cyane, haba mu nganda zikora cyangwa mu bubiko, cyangwa mu nganda zishyirwa hanze. Nubwo imigozi y'ibirahure ifite akamaro, imigozi ya pulasitiki ntiramba cyane ariko irahinduka - ikintu gishobora kuba ingirakamaro mu bikorwa bimwe na bimwe.

Nyamara kandi, bitewe n’uko zimara igihe gito kandi zikaba zishobora kwangirika n’ibintu bidukikije nk’ubushyuhe n’imiraba ya UV, kwizerana kwazo igihe kirekire biragabanuka.

Gushyiraho no kubungabunga

Kubera ko imigozi ya pulasitiki yoroshye kuyifata no kuyishyiraho, iyo ikoze neza kandi ikaba idakomeye cyane, irabo yoroshye kuyifata no kuyishyiraho. Ubu buryo bworoshye hamwe n'ubushobozi bwayo bwo kuyikoresha butuma iba uburyo bwiza cyane ku bakoresha ibikoresho byo mu rugo cyangwa imishinga mito.

Ku rundi ruhande, imigozi y'ibirahure ikenera gushyirwaho by'umwuga, kuko gukomera kwayo no gukora neza bisaba ibikoresho n'ubuhanga bwihariye. Biroroshye kubungabunga imigozi y'ibirahure, kuko iba ifite ubuziranenge bwo hejuru. Ubu bwiza bugabanya cyane ibyago byo kwangirika kw'ibimenyetso cyangwa kwangirika uko bishaje.

Udushya n'iterambere ry'ibikoresho

Urubuga rwa fibre optique rwagiye rugira iterambere ryihuse mu bumenyi bw'ibintu, rugera ku cyifuzo gikomeje kwiyongera cyo kunoza imikorere no guhindagurika mu gihe ruhangana n'ibibazo bikomeye. Iri terambere ryatumye ubushyuhe bwiyongera kandi rigakomeza gukomera. Rigabanya cyane igihombo cy'amajwi no kugabanuka kugira ngo rikemure ibyifuzo bikomeje kwiyongera by'imiyoboro y'itumanaho igezweho muri iki gihe.

Ibikoresho bishyushye cyane

Ibikoresho bishyuha cyane birimo irangi rigezweho na silica idashyuha byubatswe kugira ngo bihangane n’ibihe bikomeye mu gihe bikomeza gukora neza cyane. Urugero, fibre ya silica ifite isuku nyinshi ishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe burenze 1.800°F, ikwiriye mu by’indege, inganda n’izindi nganda.

Ibi bikoresho bifite agaciro gakomeye cyane ahantu hashyuha cyane. Biboneka mu bice bikaze cyane ku bijyanye n'imigozi isanzwe, nko muri moteri z'indege cyangwa mu ziko. Binyuze mu gukoresha ibi bikoresho, fibre optique zigira icyizere cyo kwizerwa, zigatanga uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru no gupima amakuru mu buryo buhoraho mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi bukomeye.

Ibikoresho Bidafite Igihombo Gike

Ibyo bikoresho byatakaje igihombo gito byari ingenzi cyane mu iterambere rya fibre optique, nk'ikirahure cya silica cyo mu Budage, byagabanyije cyane kwangirika kw'ibimenyetso mu ntera ndende. Iri hinduka rikomeye ryatumye habaho kongera ubushobozi bwo kohereza amakuru, bifungura amarembo y'itumanaho risobanutse neza kandi ryihuse ku moko menshi atandukanye y'imiyoboro.

Byari ibintu bishya cyane ubwo, mu myaka ya 1970, fibre ya mbere y’urumuri igabanya igihombo cyaje igahindura uburyo bwo guhuza isi burundu. Ndetse na n'uyu munsi dukomeje kunoza iri koranabuhanga dukoresheje iterambere rigezweho. Muri iki gihe, inzira zigezweho zo gukora zasimbuye izifite fibre igabanya igihombo cya cyane idafite inenge nyinshi, bigatuma uburyo ibimenyetso bifatika n'imikorere y'umuyoboro birushaho kuba byiza.

Ibikoresho biramba cyane

Insinga za fibre optique zishyirwa ahantu hatandukanye kandi hateye ubwoba zisaba ibikoresho birwanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije. Udushya turimo irangi rya polymer rikomeye ryakozwe mu buryo bwihariye n'ibikoresho bifunga amazi bifite icyuho hagati y'insinga zishyushye byongereye cyane imbaraga z'insinga.

Izi ntambwe zirinda insinga amazi, urumuri rwa UV, ndetse n'ikoreshwa nabi rya mekanike. Iri hinduka rituma zikora neza mu buryo buhoraho nko mu nsinga zo munsi y'amazi no mu nyubako zo hanze. Kuramba ni ingenzi mu bintu bikenerwa cyane aho kubungabunga kenshi bishobora guteza ibibazo by'umutekano ndetse n'ikiguzi kinini cya serivisi.

Kugabanya Kugabanya Ingufu z'Ibimenyetso

Kugabanya ibimenyetso, cyangwa gutakaza, ni ikintu cy'ingenzi cyane muri fibre optique. Iterambere mu bikoresho no mu miterere, harimo fibre zihinduka zikwirakwira hamwe na fibre zo mu buryo bumwe, byagize uruhare runini mu gutsinda icyo kibazo.

Ubu buhanga bugabanya gukwirakwira no kwinjiza amakuru, bigatuma habaho kohereza amakuru mu buryo bwimbitse kandi bunoze. Uburebure bw'amajwi cyangwa gukwirakwiza amajwi mu buryo bw'umuraba (WDM) byongera ubushobozi ku rugero rwinshi. Iyo bihujwe no kugabanya cyane, byongera imikorere ya sisitemu yihuta muri rusange kandi bigateza imbere porogaramu zikoresha bandwidth nyinshi.

Ibintu bidukikije n'imikorere y'ibikoresho

Insinga za fibre optique zitanga umusaruro mwiza cyane, ubudahangarwa n'inyungu ku bidukikije. Imikorere yazo iterwa ahanini n'ibikoresho zikorerwamo n'ibidukikije zihura nabyo. Ibintu bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije bigira uruhare runini mu mikorere y'izi nsinga mu gihe kirekire.

Ubushyuhe, imbaraga za mekanike, ubwiyongere bw'ibinyabutabire, n'ubushuhe ni ibintu by'ingenzi bituma bitagenda neza. Guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye ni ingenzi kugira ngo byizerwe, bigabanye isuku, kandi byongere igihe cyo gushiraho fibre optique, gishobora kuva ku myaka 20 kugeza kuri 40.

Uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe

Impinduka zikabije z'ubushyuhe zishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku bice bya fiber optique. Byongeye kandi, ubushyuhe bukabije cyangwa ubukonje butuma igice cy'imbere n'inyuma by'insinga byaguka cyangwa bigacika. Iri hinduka rishobora gutera igihombo cyangwa kugoreka kw'ikimenyetso.

Igice cy’imbere n’icy’imbere bifite itandukaniro ry’ikigero cyo kugarura urumuri (refractive index) rigenzurwa neza na 1% iyo hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bitanga urumuri. Nyamara, iyi nyungu ishobora guhinduka iyo ubushyuhe bukabije, bigatuma urumuri rugabanuka.

Mu gukoresha ibikoresho byubatswe hibandwa ku bushyuhe—harimo ibikoresho byihariye bya polymer n'amatafari—imishinga igera ku busugire burambye mu bihe bikomeye cyane. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane mu bihe bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi buri munsi. Kohereza amakuru ku muvuduko mwinshi bisaba ko ibimenyetso bigumaho igihe cyose.

Ubudahangarwa bw'imitsi

Iyo ishyizwemo ndetse no mu gihe cy’ibikorwa bisanzwe, insinga za fibre optique zishyirwaho imbaraga zifatika nko kunama, gukurura no gusya. Uko igihe kigenda gihita, izi mbaraga zirasenya kandi zigatuma imiterere y’imbere y’insinga igabanuka.

Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, abakora ibikoresho bakoresheje ibikoresho nk'imigozi ya aramid n'amabara akomereye kugira ngo birinde kwangirika kwangiza ikoranabuhanga. Urugero, insinga zishyirwa mu bikorwa remezo by'umujyi zigomba kwihanganira imbaraga zo gushyiraho ndetse n'ingaruka z'igihe kirekire ziterwa n'ingendo z'ibidukikije, nko mu muyaga cyangwa mu gihe cy'ihindagurika ry'ubutaka.

Mu kongera ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’imashini, ibi bikoresho ntibituma biramba gusa ahubwo bigabanya gukenera gusimburwa kenshi, bifasha insinga kumara imyaka 20 kugeza kuri 40.

Ubudahangarwa bw'ibinyabutabire

Guhura n'ibintu bitandukanye bihumanya ikirere ni ikindi kintu gituma ibikoresho bya fibre optique byangirika. Amavuta, imiti isukura, n'ibindi bintu bishobora kwangiza cyangwa kwangiza icyuma gikingira insinga ni ibintu bikunze guteza akaga.

Ibikoresho birwanya imiti, nka polymeri na acrylate byabugenewe, birinda insinga mu bidukikije nk'inganda cyangwa mu butaka, aho ibyago byo kwangirika biba byinshi. Uku gukomera kw'ibintu byatumye fibre optique ikura mu bikorwa byinshi.

Kuva ku nyubako zicukura peteroli kugeza ku nganda zitunganya amazi, zitanga umusaruro mwiza cyane.

Ingaruka z'ubushuhe

Ubushuhe butera ibibazo bikomeye ku nsinga za fibre optique. Ibi byongera amahirwe yo kwinjira mu nsinga, bigatuma ibimenyetso bigabanuka cyangwa bigatuma ibimenyetso binanirwa burundu.

Ibikoresho birwanya ubushuhe n'ibintu bifunga amazi ni ingenzi mu gukumira ibi bibazo. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane mu turere dushyuha cyangwa tw'inkombe.

Mu gukoresha uburyo bwiza bwo gushyiraho, nko gufunga aho binjirira no gukoresha imiti igabanya ubushuhe, ba rwiyemezamirimo bashobora gukumira ibibazo byinshi bijyanye n'ubushuhe. Izi ngamba zemeza ko insinga zikora neza, ndetse no mu bidukikije birimo ubushuhe bwinshi.

Bituma habaho kohereza amakuru mu buryo bworoshye kandi bukoresha ingufu nyinshi, bigasaba ingufu zigera kuri 70% kuri buri gigabit ugereranyije n'imiyoboro y'umuringa.

Umwanzuro

Insinga za fibre optique zishingira ku buziranenge bw'ibikoresho biri mu mutima wazo kugira ngo bitange urwego rwo hejuru rw'imikorere n'ubwizerwe. Insinga z'ibirahure zirakora neza cyane kandi ziraramba, mu gihe insinga za pulasitiki zitanga inyungu mu bworoshye no ku giciro. Buri gikoresho gitanga inyungu zihariye zijyanye n'ibikenewe bitandukanye kuva ku miyoboro minini y'umuvuduko munini kugeza ku itumanaho rigufi ndetse no ku bikorwa byihariye. Iterambere rishya mu ikoranabuhanga ry'ibikoresho ntiryahagaze, rituma habaho iterambere rikomeye mu mikorere no mu buryo burambye.

Kuba uzi neza ibi bikoresho bigufasha gusobanukirwa neza ibyiza n'intege nke bya buri gikoresho kiri mu mushinga wawe. Byaba ari ukuramba, koroherana, cyangwa ibisabwa bitangiza ibidukikije, guhitamo insinga ya fiber optique ikwiye bigufasha kubona umusaruro mwiza. Shaka ibicuruzwa bihuye n'ibyo ukeneye byihariye kandi wiyemeze mbere y'igihe ku bisubizo birambye kandi biteguye ejo hazaza bihinduka uko ibikenewe bikura kandi bihinduka. Huza na interineti nyinshi. Komeza umenye amakuru kandi uhitemo neza kugira ngo uhindure neza.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni ibihe bikoresho bikoreshwa mu nsinga za fiber optique?

Insinga za fibre optique zikunze gukorwa mu kirahuri cyangwa pulasitiki yo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Insinga z'ibirahuri zikozwe muri silica nziza, ariko insinga za pulasitiki zikoresha polymer. Ibikoresho byombi birakwiriye cyane mu kohereza ibimenyetso by'urumuri no gutumanaho.

Ni ikihe gikoresho cyiza kurusha ibindi: ikirahure cyangwa pulasitiki?

Ikirahure gitanga umuyoboro munini w'itumanaho ndetse n'uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru mu ntera ndende cyane, bigatuma byoroha ku miyoboro y'itumanaho. Ihendutse cyane, iragonda kandi yoroshye kuyikoresha, ikoreshwa cyane mu ntera ya nyuma n'izindi porogaramu zo mu ntera ngufi.

Kuki ikirahure gikunze gukoreshwa mu nsinga za fiber optique?

Ikirahure cyatoranijwe kubera ko gitanga urumuri rwiza, gutakaza ikimenyetso no kuramba. Gitanga imbaraga ku makuru yihuta cyane mu ntera ndende, bigategura inzira y'imiyoboro y'ubwenge y'ejo hazaza.

Ese fibre optique ya pulasitiki iramba?

Mu by’ukuri, fibre optique za pulasitiki zirakomeye cyane kandi ziragoranye cyane. Ntizikunda kunama cyangwa guhangayika cyane, bigatuma zikoreshwa mu bikorwa bigufi kandi bidakomeye cyane nko mu miyoboro yo mu rugo no mu modoka.

Ni gute ibintu bidukikije bigira ingaruka ku bikoresho bya fiber optique?

Umucyo wa UV, ubushuhe n'impinduka mu bushyuhe byose bigira ingaruka mbi ku bikoresho bya fiber optique. Ibikoresho bikwiye byo gushyiramo imiyoboro n'ibikoresho byo gupfuka birinda insinga za fiber optique kwangizwa n'ibintu byangiza biri mu bidukikije.

Ni ibihe bishya bigezweho mu bikoresho bya fiber optique?

Iterambere ryibanze ku kuvanga ibirahuri binini, ibikoresho birambye byo gukoresha imbere n'inyuma, hamwe n'ibisubizo bigezweho byo gusiga. Iri terambere rituma ibintu biramba, imikorere myiza n'ibidukikije biramba.

Ese guhitamo ibikoresho bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y'insinga za fiber optique?

Urabizi ko guhitamo ibikoresho bigira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'ihererekanyamakuru, intera n'ikiguzi. Ikirahure gikora neza mu miyoboro miremire n'iyihuse, mu gihe plastiki ikora neza mu bikorwa bihendutse kandi bigufi.