Izintambo ze-fiber optic Zenziwe ngokuphelele ngemicu yengilazi noma yepulasitiki, okuvumela amandla okudlulisa kanye nebanga elikhulu. Zihlanganisa futhi izendlalelo zokuvikela ukuze zisebenze isikhathi eside ngenkathi zibekezelela izinto ezahlukahlukene.

Ingaphakathi, elivame ukusikwa ngengilazi emsulwa kakhulu, lithutha izimpawu ezisuselwe ekukhanyeni, futhi ukumbozwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi isignali ikhanya unomphela engaphakathi. Izembozo zangaphandle, njenge-polymer yangaphandle, zengeza ukuvikelwa kanye nekhono lokugoba.

Lezi zingxenye zonke zisebenza ndawonye ukuhlinzeka ngokuxhumana okusheshayo nokungaguquguquki. Ukujwayelana nalezi zinto kuzokuvumela ukuthi ukhethe ikhebula elifanele izidingo zakho eziqondile ngenkathi kukhulisa ukusebenza, izindleko, kanye nokucabangela imvelo.

Iyini i-Fiber Optic Cable?

Izintambo ze-fibre optic, ezisebenzisa izimpawu zokukhanya esikhundleni sezikagesi, ziyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokudlulisa idatha. Lezi zintambo ze-fibre optic zenziwe nge-core yangaphakathi kanye ne-outer cladding layer, eziklanyelwe ngqo ukusizakala ngokukhanya kwangaphakathi okuphelele. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba i-core, eyakhiwe nge-ultra pure silicon dioxide (SiO2), ine-index enkulu ye-refraction.

Ngokwenza kanjalo, idlula inkomba yokukhanya kwe-cladding. Ngenxa yobumsulwa bomgogodla, ukukhanya kubukeka sengathi ubheka ngengilazi yefasitela engamakhilomitha amahlanu. Lo mklamo onelungelo lobunikazi uvumela ukuthuthwa kwedatha okusheshayo nokuthembekile emabangeni amade kakhulu.

Ama-fiber optics ayinsika yengqalasizinda yethu yokuxhumana yamanje kusukela ku-inthanethi esheshayo kuya ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwezikhungo zedatha. Izinhlelo zesimanje ziyakwazi ukusekela ithrafikhi ku-800 Gbps. Empeleni, njengoba sibonile ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zasendaweni zobuchwepheshe be-fiber optic, i-fiber ingaletha isivinini ngokushesha okukhulu kuneqiniso le-inthanethi lanamuhla, iguqule kakhulu indlela esixhumana ngayo futhi sifinyelele ngayo ulwazi.

Lezi zintambo ziqinisekisa ukubambezeleka okuncane. Njengoba ukukhanya kuhamba cishe ngamamayela angu-124,000 ngomzuzwana, lokhu kufana kuphela nama-microsecond angu-5 kuya kwangu-5.5 okubambezeleka ngemayela ngalinye elidlulisiwe.

Ukukhiqizwa kwezintambo ze-fiber optic kusekelwe ekuqondeni. I-core, ngokuvamile engu-0.0003 kuya ku-0.001 amayintshi ububanzi kuye ngokuthi kusetshenziswa i-multimode noma i-singlemode, idlulisela lezo zimpawu zokukhanya. Imicu ye-Multimode iguquguquka kakhulu.

Imicu ye-Multimode inama-core amakhulu kanye nokusebenza okungcono kwesicelo sebanga elifushane, okwenza ibe yinhle kakhulu kumanethiwekhi endawo (ama-LAN). Ngokuphambene nalokho, imicu yemodi eyodwa ilungiselelwe ukudluliselwa kwebanga elide, njengoba kudingeka ekuxhumaneni ngocingo. I-cladding, enobubanzi obukhulu kancane kunomongo, igcina ukukhanya kubambeke emongo.

Ezinye izendlalelo, njengesembozo esivikelayo, ilungu lamandla e-aramid, kanye nejakethi yangaphandle, zivikela ikhebula, zinikeze ukuqina ngisho nasezimweni ezidinga kakhulu. Ikhebula le-fiber optic linezinzuzo ezicacile kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nekhebula lethusi.

Zithola ukulahleka okuncane kakhulu kwesiginali, okulinganiswa ngama-decibel ngekhilomitha, kusukela ku-0.06 dB/mile yemodi eyodwa kuya ku-1 dB/mile yemodi eminingi. Ukuguquguquka kwazo kuzenza zifaneleke ezinhlelweni eziningi, okuhlanganisa amanethiwekhi okuxhumana, izikhungo zedatha, kanye ne-inthanethi yokuhlala.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zezintambo Ze-Fiber Optic

Izintambo ze-fibre optic zakhiwe yizingxenye eziningi ezibalulekile, ngayinye isebenzela injongo ebalulekile yokuhlangana ukuze kudluliselwe idatha ngendlela ephumelelayo. Izinto ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwazo zonke lezi zingxenye zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni, ekuthembekeni, nasekuqineni kwekhebula. Ngezansi, sibheka ngokujulile lezi zingxenye eziyinhloko.

I-Core: Isiteshi Sokudlulisa Ukukhanya

Enkabeni yekhebula le-fiber optic kukhona i-core, enesibopho sokuthwala izimpawu zokukhanya ezidlulisa idatha. I-core iyingilazi encane noma i-fiber yepulasitiki efakwe esivalweni. Ama-core engilazi ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okuphezulu ebangeni elide, njengoba elahlekelwa yisignali kancane.

Ama-core epulasitiki, nakuba engasebenzi kahle kangako, ashibhile futhi athambile kalula okwenza ukuthi asetshenziswe ezinhlotsheni zesikhathi esifushane. Umthelela ekusebenzeni kahle okuphelele uphinde uthintwe ububanzi be-core. Le core encane ivame ukutholakala kuma-fiber e-single-mode, akhethwa kakhulu kuma-transmissions akude ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwawo okuncane kwesiginali.

Zinikeza ukulahleka kwesignali okuphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile okungu-0.19 dB/km kubude be-wavelength obungu-1550 nm. Imicu ye-multimode ebalwa kakhulu isebenza kangcono emabangeni amafushane kakhulu. Zinezinga lokuncipha elingu-3 dB/km ku-850 nm.

Ukugqoka: Ukuthuthukisa Ukuvalelwa Kokukhanya

Okuzungeze umongo kukhona i-cladding, esebenza ukubuyisa ukukhanya emuva emongolweni ukuze kugcinwe izimpawu ziqinile emabangeni amade. Lokhu kufezwa ngomehluko ku-refractive index phakathi komongo kanye ne-cladding, ngokuvamile i-1.49 kanye ne-1.47, ngokulandelana, ku-wavelength engama-nanometer ayi-1300.

Lo mehluko udala isimo sokubonakaliswa kwangaphakathi okuphelele, okudingekayo ekudlulisweni kwedatha ye-fiber optic okuphumelelayo. Izinto zokumboza zinciphisa kakhulu ukuvuza nokulahlekelwa kwesignali ukuze kunikezwe ukudluliselwa kwedatha okuseqophelweni eliphezulu nokusebenza kahle.

Ukuncishiswa kwesignali kuma-fiber e-multimode graded-index anamuhla kungancipha kufike ku-1 decibel ngekhilomitha ku-1300 nanometers. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa ukubaluleka komklamo wokumboza ngokucophelela.

Ukugqoka/i-Buffer: Ukuvikela i-Fiber

Isembozo esiyinhloko se-buffer sikhishwa phezu kwesembozo ukuze kuvikelwe i-fiber ekucindezelekeni kwemishini kanye nezinto zangaphandle. Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-acrylate noma i-silicone zinikeza ukuguquguquka nokuvikelwa emswakama.

Lezi zingubo zokugqoka zithuthukisa kakhulu ukuqina kwekhebula, zivumela ukuthi lisinde ekucindezelekeni ngesikhathi sokuphathwa nokufakwa.

Ukuqinisa Ama-Fiber: Ukuqinisekisa Ukuqina

Amalungu angaphandle aqinile, njengeKevlar noma iTwaron, afakwa ekhebulani ukuze kuvinjwe imicu ukuthi ingaphuki. Lezi zinto zisiza ekusabalaliseni ukucindezeleka ngokulinganayo, zivikele umongo obuthakathaka kanye nokumbozwa kulo lonke ukufakwa nokusebenza.

Lokhu kuqina okwengeziwe kusiza ekwenzeni ikhebula lithembeke kakhulu, ngisho nasezindaweni ezidinga kakhulu.

Ijazi: Ukunikeza Ukuvikelwa Okuphelele

Ijazi langaphandle lisebenza njengomugqa wokugcina wokuzivikela, lifaka zonke izakhi zangaphakathi futhi lizivikele emandleni angaphandle njengokusikeka nokungena kwamanzi. Izinto ze-ethylene noma ze-PVC sheath zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezintanjeni ze-fiber optic ukuvikela ezicini zemvelo ezinzima, kuyilapho zinikeza ukuguquguquka kwekhebula.

Ngokuvamile amajakethi anezingqimba eziningi asebenza ukuvikela ikhebula nokwandisa ubude besikhathi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza kunoma iyiphi indawo noma uhlelo lokusebenza.

Izinto Zekhebula Le-Fiber Optic: Ukubuka Konke

Izintambo ze-fiber optic zakhiwe ngezinto ezahlukahlukene, lapho into ngayinye ikhethwa ukukhulisa ukusebenza, ubude besikhathi, kanye nezidingo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile. Izinto ezisetshenziswa ukudala ikhebula le-fiber optic zidlala indima ebalulekile ekhonweni lekhebula lokudlulisa idatha ngokunembile. Zithinta ikhono lekhebula lokubekezelela izimo zemvelo nezemishini.

Ukwazi izinto ezenziwe ngazo izintambo ze-fiber optic kuzokukhombisa ukuthi zisebenza kanjani. Okubaluleke kakhulu, kugqamisa ukubaluleka okubalulekile kokukhethwa kwezinto kulobu buchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu.

1. Izinto Eziyinhloko: Ingilazi vs. Ipulasitiki

Ukumboza ikhebula le-fiber optic kuvikela umongo kanye nokumbozwa. Ama-core engilazi, akhiqizwa nge-silica ehlanzekile kakhulu, ayaziswa ngokucaca kwawo okuhle kakhulu kanye nokulahleka okuncane kwesignali ebangeni elide. Ingilazi ye-silica, eyenziwe kusetshenziswa i-quartz encibilikisiwe, ifinyelela amazinga amangalisayo okunemba.

Lobu buchwepheshe obumangalisayo buvumela idatha ukuthi idluliselwe ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okukhulu. Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile, njenge-germanium, zingafakwa ukuze kwandiswe inkomba yokukhanya. Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe i-germanium kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ayivamile kakhulu, itholakala ngamanani amancane ongqimbeni loMhlaba.

Ama-core epulasitiki ashibhile kakhulu futhi alula ukuwakhiqiza. Anezinzuzo ezithembisayo kakhulu eziphathelene nokusetshenziswa okufushane, okubaluleke kakhulu ezakhiweni nakumadivayisi abathengi.

Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukuqina nokuguquguquka kuyathandwa kunokusebenza kahle kwebanga lokudlulisa idatha. Imicu yepulasitiki ayiyona inketho engcono kakhulu yokudlulisa idatha yebanga elide, kodwa ingaba inketho esebenzayo yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibiza kakhulu ngenxa yemvelo yazo engabizi.

2. Izinto Zokumboza: Ukwakheka kanye Nenhloso

Ukufaka isimbozo kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukusebenza kahle kokukhanya okukhiphiwe. Isimbozo sivame ukwenziwa ngama-polymers ane-fluorine noma i-silica efakwe i-doped. Sifaka ingaphakathi bese sibuyisela ukukhanya kulo, sisebenzisa umqondo wokukhanya kwangaphakathi okuphelele.

Konke lokhu kuhlinzeka ngokulahleka okuncane kakhulu kwesignali kanye nokudluliswa kwedatha okubushelelezi. Ukukhetha izinto ezifanele zokumboza kubaluleke kakhulu kulezo zinhlelo zokusebenza ezifuna ukunemba, njengokuxhumana ngocingo noma izithombe zezokwelapha.

3. Izinto Zokumboza: Izinhlobo Nemisebenzi

Sivame ukushiya izembozo ngaphandle kwezingxoxo ezikukhebula le-fiber optic ngoba zitholakala yonke indawo. Izinto ezifana ne-acrylate noma i-polyimide zivikela i-fiber emanzini, ekugugeni nasekudabukeni kanye nezinye izinkinga zemvelo nezansuku zonke.

Lezi zingubo ezikhethekile zikhulisa ukuguquguquka nokuqina kwekhebula. Zivumela ikhebula ukuthi libhekane nezinselele zokufakwa futhi libhekane nokuchayeka kwemvelo ngenkathi linikeza ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu.

I-Glass Fiber Optics: Ukucwila Okujulile

I-glass fiber optics ishintshe kakhulu imboni yezokuxhumana ngokuhlinzeka ngengqalasizinda yokudluliselwa kwedatha okusheshayo, okuthembekile, nokusabalala yonke indawo isikhathi eside. Le micu, eyakhiwe ngengilazi emsulwa kakhulu, ishintshe indlela ulwazi oluhamba ngayo, kusukela ezintanjeni ezingaphansi kolwandle ezihlanganisa amazwekazi kuya kumanethiwekhi endawo asekela amakhaya namabhizinisi.

Isakhiwo sazo esiyisisekelo siqukethe umongo wengilazi, i-cladding, kanye nesembozo esivikelayo. Le nhlanganisela eyingqayizivele inegalelo ekudlulisweni kwesignali okungcono kakhulu ngokulahlekelwa okuncane kakhulu kuhlanganiswe nokuqina. Zithwala ngaphezu kuka-90% wethrafikhi ye-inthanethi yomhlaba, okugcizelela ukubaluleka kwazo okukhethekile ekuxhumaneni komhlaba wonke.

Ingilazi ye-Silica: Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko

Ingilazi ye-silica iyindlela ekhethwayo ye-fiber optics ngenxa yobumsulwa bayo obungenakuqhathaniswa kanye nokucaca kwayo okubonakalayo. Ngokuncishiswa kwesignali okungenakuqhathaniswa, idatha ingahamba amamayela ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, okwenza i-fiber yengilazi ibe yinto efanelekile yokuxhumana ngesivinini esikhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimfanelo zokukhanya ezivelele ze-silica, okuhlanganisa amazinga aphansi okusabalala nokumuncwa, zisiza ukukhulisa amandla esignali nokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kokudlulisela. Izinto ezintsha ziqinile ngokwanele ukusinda emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nezimo zemvelo. Lokhu kuqina kuqinisa indawo yayo njengendinganiso yegolide kubuchwepheshe be-fiber optic yengilazi.

Ama-Doping Ejenti: Ukuguqula Inkomba Yokuqabula

Ama-doping agents abalulekile ekuhleleni inkomba yokukhanya kwezintambo zeglasi. Lezi zithasiselo zamakhemikhali ezihlobene nenqubo, njenge-germanium noma i-phosphorus, zishintsha izakhiwo zeglasi ezivumela ukuthi ziqondise ukukhanya ngempumelelo.

Ukufaka ingilazi esikhundleni somuthi kuthinta umehluko wenkomba yokukhanya phakathi kwe-core kanye ne-cladding. Lokhu kwakha umngcele wangaphakathi obonakalisa kahle ukukhanya e-core, okwandisa ukudluliswa kwesignali. Ngokususa izici eziholela ekuphazamisekeni, leli zinga lokulawula landisa umthamo wokuphatha idatha ngenkathi kunciphisa ukuphazanyiswa, okwenza kube nesidingo sanamuhla sokuxhumana okusheshayo nokuthembekile.

Ukukhiqiza Ingilazi Ehlanzekile Kakhulu

Ukukhiqiza imicu yengilazi ehlanzekile kakhulu kudinga amasu okunemba okuphezulu, njenge-Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD). Ukusebenzisa indlela ye-MCVD, isibonelo, amagesi e-chloride afakwa epayipini le-silica elijikelezayo, okudala i-preform—isilinda sengilazi esingenalutho.

Lesi sakhiwo sangaphambi kokwenziwa siyashiswa bese sidonswa sibe imicu emincane, ehambisanayo enobubanzi obufunwayo. Inqubo yokudweba iqinisekisa amandla aphezulu ezinto ezibonakalayo. Ubumsulwa buyisihluthulelo; ngisho nokungcola okumbalwa kwe-ppm kungaba yingozi ekusebenzeni kahle kokukhanya. Izinqubo zokukhiqiza zesimanje kumele zifinyelele ekucaceni nasekuqineni okudingekayo kwale micu ukuze imelane nobunzima bokuxhumana emhlabeni wonke namuhla.

Izinzuzo Zemicu Yengilazi

Imicu yengilazi ayinakuqhathaniswa nekhwalithi yayo yokudlulisa idatha, ikwazi ukuthwala ama-bandwidth amakhulu amabanga amade ngaphandle kokuwohloka. I-fiber eyodwa nje ingathwala ukusakazwa kwamavidiyo okunencazelo ephezulu okungaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10 ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Ukuqina kwazo kunciphisa isidingo sokushintsha izindleko zokulungisa, okwenza zibe yisisombululo esiphelele samabhizinisi aqaphela izindleko. Ukungavikeleki kwazo ekuphazamisekeni kwe-electromagnetic kuzenza zibe ukukhetha okuthembekile ezindaweni ezidinga kakhulu.

Izinkinga Zemicu Yengilazi

Nakuba imicu yengilazi inezinzuzo eziningi, kunezinye izinkinga ngokusetshenziswa kwayo. Ubuthakathaka bayo busho ukuthi idinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela ngesikhathi sokufakwa ukuze igweme ukuphuka.

Inqubo yokufaka ngokwayo ingaba nzima kakhulu, idinga ochwepheshe abanekhono namathuluzi akhethekile. Okokuqala, izinhlelo zefayibha yengilazi zibiza kakhulu kusengaphambili kunezinye izindlela. Njengoba noma yimuphi umhleli wezokuthutha onolwazi ezokutshela, izinzuzo zazo zesikhathi eside cishe zihlala zidlula lezi zindleko.

I-Plastic Fiber Optics: Ukucwila Okujulile

Ama-fiber optic epulasitiki, avame ukubekwa emthunzini wezihlobo zawo zengilazi, aletha izinzuzo eziphawulekayo ezifeza izidingo ezithile. Nakuba ama-fiber engilazi enziwa nge-silica ewuketshezi futhi edinga ukusetshenziswa kokuphathwa okunembile, ama-fiber epulasitiki akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ama-polymer. Le nqubo yokukhiqiza okuphezulu idala ama-fiber epulasitiki aguquguqukayo futhi angabizi kakhulu.

Nakuba imicu yengilazi ibusa ukuxhumana kwebanga elide ngenxa yamandla ayo okudlulisa idatha ngesivinini esikhulu emabangeni amakhulu, imicu yepulasitiki ekhanyayo (ama-POF) iyakhanya ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zebanga elifushane, njengokukhanyisa kwezimoto, izinto zikagesi ezisetshenziswa ngabathengi, kanye nokukhanyisa okuhlobisa. Amandla ayo okuphatha ukukhanya kangcono kunengilazi, kuhlanganiswe namandla ayo, kuyenza ibe inketho eguquguqukayo emikhakheni eminingi.

Ama-polymer e-Acrylic: Izinto Ezivamile Zepulasitiki

Kuma-polymer e-acrylic, i-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) iyinto esetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-fiber e-optical epulasitiki. I-PMMA inenhlanganisela ehlukile yokucaca okuphezulu kokukhanya, ukuncishiswa okuphansi emabangeni amafushane, kanye nokumelana nokucindezeleka kwemvelo. Lezi zakhiwo eziyingqayizivele zenza kube ngcono kakhulu ekudluliseni ukukhanya okubonakalayo.

Lokhu kusebenza kahle kuqinisekisa ukucwebezela ekusetshenzisweni okufana nokugqamisa kanye nokukhanya kwangaphakathi kwezimoto. Imicu ye-Acrylic iphephile kakhulu futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa kune-glass fiber optics. Ayiboli kakhulu futhi ingabunjwa ibe yimiklamo ebucayi ngaphandle kokuphuka.

Ekudlulisweni kwedatha ebangeni elide, imicu yengilazi iyindinganiso yegolide. Lokhu bakwenza ngenxa yokulahleka kwesignali yabo kanye nekhono lokuba ne-bandwidth ephezulu.

Izinzuzo Zemicu Yepulasitiki

Imicu yepulasitiki inikeza izinzuzo eziningi, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni okude. Ilula, iyaguquguquka, futhi imelana nemithelela, okwenza ifaneleke kahle ezindaweni lapho ukuqina kubalulekile khona. Ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko zayo kuvumela ukuthi ifakwe endaweni yomkhiqizo wabathengi, lapho izimpahla zomkhiqizo wabathengi zivame ukulinganiselwa yimingcele yezindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo.

Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo, ukuzifaka kulula kakhulu. Umkhawulo wazo wokugoba ophansi wenza umzila odlula ezindaweni ezihlukile, njengangaphakathi kwezimoto noma amadivayisi kagesi aminyene, ube lula futhi uvumelane nezimo.

Izinkinga Zemicu Yepulasitiki

Kukhona inkinga: imicu yepulasitiki ayilona ikhambi lokwelapha. Ine-bandwidth ephansi kunemicu yengilazi kanye namabanga okudlulisa amafushane kakhulu futhi ithambekele kakhulu ekulahlekelweni yisignali. Ukuchayeka ku-UV kanye nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, phakathi kwezinye izici zemvelo, kungalimaza ukusebenza kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Naphezu kwalezi zingqinamba, uma zisetshenziswa ngendlela efanele, izinzuzo zazo zidlula kakhulu lezi zinkinga.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezintambo Zepulasitiki

Imicu yepulasitiki isivele isetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhanyiseni izimoto, ekuboniseni izinto zokuhlobisa, kanye nasezintweni zikagesi ezisetshenziswa ngabathengi. Iba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwezokuxhumana ngocingo, ekudlulisweni kwedatha okufushane, futhi ikakhulukazi, kumanethiwekhi endawo.

Ukuguquguquka kwazo yikona okuzigcina zibalulekile emikhakheni eminingi ehlukene.

Ingilazi vs. Ipulasitiki: Ukuqhathanisa Okuningiliziwe

Izintambo ze-fiber optic sezibe yinto ebalulekile kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana anamuhla. Ukusebenza kwazo kanye nokufaneleka kwazo kufinyelela kuphela ezintweni ozikhethela ukuzakha ngazo. Lezi zinto ezimbili ziyingilazi nepulasitiki, ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo ezihlukile kanye nokungalungi. Ukuzijwayeza ngalezi zici ezibalulekile kukusiza kakhulu ekukhetheni inketho engcono kakhulu yohlelo lwakho lokusebenza oluhlukile.

Izakhiwo Zokubona Nokusebenza Kwesignali

Ngenxa yokuthi i-glass fiber ine-refractive index ephezulu kakhulu ekuqaleni, lokho kusho ukuthi ingathwala idatha eningi kakhulu ngokucaca okumangalisayo. Isakhiwo sayo siyenza ibe yindawo ekahle yokudlulisa idatha ngesivinini esikhulu emabangeni amade, igcine ubuqotho besignali ngisho noma kungekho kulahleka kwesignali okuningi. Isibonelo, i-glass fibers ingafinyelela i-BER engu-10^-12. Leli zinga lokusebenza liqinisekisa ukuthembeka ekusetshenzisweni okudingakalayo kwezentengiselwano nezimboni.

Imicu yengilazi inamandla okumelana kakhulu nokuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic, okuvumela ukuthi isetshenziswe ezindaweni ezinomsindo omkhulu kagesi. Imicu ye-optical yepulasitiki (i-POF) inokuncipha okuphezulu, okunciphisa ibanga layo lokudlulisela libe ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-100. I-POF inhle kakhulu ekudaleni ukuxhumana okusheshayo ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokuhlala kanye nama-SOHO.

Kodwa-ke, ayisebenzi kahle ezimweni zokusetshenziswa ibanga elide noma ezimweni zokusetshenziswa ezidinga ukudluliselwa kwe-bandwidth ephezulu. Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zefayibha yengilazi zihluke kakhulu. Lokhu kuye kwenza kwaba yinto ekhethwayo yokudluliselwa kwedatha okubalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezokuxhumana kanye nezikhungo zedatha.

Izindleko Zokucatshangelwa

I-fiber yepulasitiki ivame ukubiza kancane kusengaphambili, okungenza kube inketho ekhangayo kumaphrojekthi anesabelomali esincane. Inqubo yayo yokukhiqiza elula kanye nezindleko zezinto ezingabizi kakhulu kusiza ukuchaza iphuzu layo lentengo eshibhile. I-fiber yengilazi inikeza inani elikhulu lesikhathi eside, ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okungcono, ukuqina kanye nokwehla kwesignali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwefayibha yengilazi kudinga imishini ekhethekile, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nezindlela zokufaka, okwenza izindleko zokuqala zikhuphuke. Nakuba izindleko zayo zokuqala zingase zibonakale ziphakeme, ikhono layo lokugcina amanethiwekhi aqinile, anesivinini esikhulu linciphisa kakhulu isidingo esiphelele sokuthuthukiswa noma ukushintshwa kwesikhathi esizayo.

Ngaphansi kwezimo lapho izindleko kuphela okucatshangelwayo, i-fiber yepulasitiki kufanele yanele ukusetshenziswa kwesikhashana noma okune-bandwidth ephansi. Kumabhizinisi azimisele ngokuthembeka nokukhula, i-fiber ngokuvamile iyindlela ephephile yesikhathi eside.

Ukuqina kanye Nesikhathi Sokuphila

Imicu yengilazi iqinile ngokwemvelo, iyakwazi ukusingatha amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu, kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi, kusukela ku--40°F kuya ku-900°F. Lokhu kuqina kuzinika izimo ezimbi kakhulu, kungaba sezimbonini zokukhiqiza noma ezindaweni zokugcina izinto, noma ezifakiwe ngaphandle. Naphezu kwezinzuzo zemicu yengilazi, imicu yepulasitiki ayiqinile kangako kodwa iguquguquka kakhulu - isici esingaba yimpahla kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.

Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yokuphila kwazo isikhathi esifushane kanye nokuthambekela ezicini zemvelo ezifana nokushisa kanye nokuchayeka ku-UV, ukuthembeka kwesikhathi eside kuyaphazamiseka.

Ukufakwa Nokunakekelwa

Njengoba imicu yepulasitiki iguquguquka futhi ibuthakathaka kancane, kulula ukuyiphatha nokuyifaka. Lokhu kusebenza kanye nokungabizi kwayo kwenza amamabula engilazi abe yindawo enhle kakhulu kubantu abazenzela izinto zabo noma amaphrojekthi amancane.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imicu yengilazi idinga ukufakwa kochwepheshe, njengoba ukuqina kwayo nokunemba kwayo kudinga amathuluzi akhethekile kanye nobuchwepheshe. Kulula ukugcina imicu yengilazi, njengoba imane isezingeni eliphezulu. Leli khwalithi ephezulu linciphisa kakhulu ingozi yezinkinga ezifana nokuwohloka kwesiginali noma ukuguguleka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izinto Ezintsha Nentuthuko

Insimu ye-fiber optics ibilokhu ibhekene nentuthuko esheshayo kwezesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo egcwalisa isidingo esikhula njalo sokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokuvumelana ngenkathi ibhekana nezinselele ezibalulekile. Lokhu kuthuthuka kuye kwandise ukubekezelelana kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokuqina okukhulu. Kuqhubeka nokunciphisa ukulahleka kwesignali kanye nokuncishiswa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezikhulayo zamanethiwekhi okuxhumana athuthukile anamuhla.

Izinto Zokushisa Okuphezulu

Izinto zokushisa okuphezulu okuhlanganisa izembozo ezithuthukisiwe kanye ne-silica engashisi zakhiwe ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nezimo ezinzima ngenkathi zigcina ukusebenza okuphezulu. Isibonelo, i-fibre ye-silica emsulwa kakhulu ingabekezelela amazinga okushisa aphezulu angaphezu kuka-1,800°F, afaneleka ezindiza, ekukhiqizeni nakwamanye amabhizinisi ezimboni.

Lezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu. Zithola ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinzima kakhulu kumafayibha avamile, njengakuma-jet engine noma kuma-oven ezimboni. Ngokusebenzisa lezi zinto, ama-fiber optic athola ukuthembeka okuphezulu, ahlinzeka ngokudluliselwa kwedatha okuzinzile kanye nokulinganiswa ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu nokushisa okuphezulu.

Izinto Zokulahlekelwa Okuphansi

Izinto ezinjalo ezilahlekelwa kancane zazibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-fiber optics, njengengilazi ye-silica efakwe eJalimane, eyanciphisa kakhulu ukuwohloka kwesignali emabangeni amade. Lokhu kusungula okusha okubalulekile kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa, kwavula umnyango wokuxhumana okucacile nokusheshayo ngezinhlobo eziningi zamanethiwekhi.

Kwakuyinto entsha kakhulu lapho, ngawo-1970, i-fiber yokuqala ye-optical elahlekelwa kancane yafika futhi yashintsha ukuxhumana komhlaba wonke unomphela. Ngisho nanamuhla siyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa lobu buchwepheshe ngentuthuko esezingeni eliphezulu. Namuhla, izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezithuthukisiwe zithathe indawo yalezo nge-fiber elahlekelwa kakhulu futhi enokungapheleli okuncane, okwenza ngcono ubuqotho besignali kanye nokusebenza kwenethiwekhi nakakhulu.

Izinto Zokuqina Ezithuthukisiwe

Izintambo ze-fiber optic ezithunyelwa ezindaweni ezikude nezinonya zidinga izinto ezingamelani nomonakalo obonakalayo kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo. Izinto ezintsha ezifaka phakathi izembozo ze-polymer eziqinile ezithuthukiswe ngokukhethekile kanye nezinto zokuvimba amanzi ezinezikhala ezivalekile phakathi kwamabili ezintambo ezivalekile zandise kakhulu amandla ekhebula.

Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuvikela imicu emanzini, ekukhanyeni kwe-UV, nasekusetshenzisweni kabi kwemishini. Lokhu kusungulwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi isebenza njalo ezindleleni zokusebenza eziphezulu njengezintambo zangaphansi kolwandle kanye nokufakwa kwangaphandle. Ukuqina kuhlala kubalulekile ezindaweni ezifunwa kakhulu lapho ukulungiswa njalo kungabangela izingozi zokuphepha kanye nezindleko zesevisi eziphezulu.

Ukunciphisa Ukuncipha Kwesignali

Ukuncishiswa kwesignali, noma ukulahleka, kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu kuma-fiber optics. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokwakha kanye nomklamo, okuhlanganisa imicu eshintshiwe yokusabalala kanye nemicu yemodi eyodwa, kudlale indima ebalulekile ekunqobeni leyo nselele.

Lezi zinto ezintsha zinciphisa ukusabalala kanye nokumuncwa kwedatha, okuvumela ukudluliswa kwedatha okujulile nokusebenza kahle. I-Wavelength noma i-wave division multiplexing (WDM) yandisa umthamo ngama-oda amaningana ngobukhulu. Uma ihambisana nokuncipha okuphansi, ikhulisa ukusebenza kwesistimu yesivinini esiphezulu futhi ikhuthaza izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-bandwidth ephezulu.

Izici Zemvelo Nokusebenza Kwezinto Ezibonakalayo

Izintambo ze-fibre optic zinikeza ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukuqina kanye nezinzuzo zemvelo. Ukusebenza kwazo kunqunywa kakhulu yizinto ezenziwe ngazo kanye nendawo ezibhekene nayo. Izici zemvelo zidlala indima enkulu ekusebenzeni kwesikhathi eside kwalezi zintambo.

Izinga lokushisa, ukucindezeleka komshini, ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali, kanye nomswakama kuyizinto ezibalulekile ezibangela ukwehluleka kwazo. Ukukhetha izinto ezifanele kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka, ukunciphisa ukulungiswa, kanye nokwandisa isikhathi sokuphila sokufakwa kwe-fiber optic, esingasukela eminyakeni engama-20 kuya kwengama-40.

Ukuzwela kwezinga lokushisa

Izinguquko ezinkulu zokushisa zingalimaza kakhulu izingxenye ze-fiber optic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushisa okukhulu noma ukubanda kuzokwenza ukuthi ingaphakathi lekhebula kanye ne-cladding kukhule noma kunciphe. Lokhu kushintsha kungabangela ukulahlekelwa noma ukuphambuka kwesiginali.

Ingaphakathi kanye ne-cladding kunomehluko we-refractive index olawulwa ngokunembile cishe ku-1% uma kusetshenziswa ama-dopants. Noma kunjalo, le nzuzo ingashintsha ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kokushisa, okubangela ukwehla kokudluliselwa kokukhanya.

Ngokusebenzisa izinto ezakhiwe ngokumelana nokushisa engqondweni—kufaka phakathi izinto ezikhethekile ze-polymer ezithuthukisiwe kanye nezingubo—amaphrojekthi afinyelela ukuzinza okuhlala isikhathi eside kuzo zonke izimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni zezulu ezinokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa okuphezulu kwansuku zonke. Ukudluliswa kwedatha okusheshayo kudinga ubuqotho besiginali ukuze kugcinwe ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Ukumelana Nokucindezeleka Kwemishini

Lapho kufakwa ngisho nangesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile, izintambo ze-fiber optic zithola ukucindezeleka ngokomzimba njengokugoba, ukudonsa nokuchoboza. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, la mandla ayachoboza futhi enze buthaka isakhiwo sangaphakathi sekhebula.

Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, abakhiqizi basebenzise izinto ezifana nemicu ye-aramid kanye nezingubo eziqinisiwe ukuze bavikele ekucindezelweni okuyingozi kwemishini. Isibonelo, izintambo ezifakwe engqalasizinda yasemadolobheni kumele zibhekane nokucindezeleka kokufakwa kanye nokucindezeleka kwesikhathi eside okuvela ekuhambeni kwemvelo, njengokushintsha komoya noma komhlabathi.

Ngokuthuthukisa ukumelana nomshini, lezi zinto azigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuqina kodwa zinciphisa isidingo sokushintsha njalo, zisekela impilo yekhebula yeminyaka engama-20 kuya kwengama-40.

Ukumelana namakhemikhali

Ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali ahlukahlukene kungenye into ebangela ukuwohloka kwezinto ze-fiber optic. Amafutha, izinyibilikisi, nezinye izinto ezingcolisa izimboni ezingalimaza noma zonakalise ukuvikela kwekhebula kuyizinto ezivame ukusongela.

Izinto ezingamelana namakhemikhali, njenge-polymers ezikhethekile nama-acrylates, zivikela izintambo ezindaweni ezifana nezimboni noma ukufakwa komhlaba, lapho izingozi zokuchayeka ziphezulu khona. Lokhu kuqina okungokwemvelo kuye kwavumela i-fiber optics ukuthi ichume kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi.

Kusukela kumapulatifomu okukhipha uwoyela kuya ezitshalweni zokuvuselela amanzi, ziletha imiphumela emihle kakhulu.

Umthelela Womswakama

Umswakama ubeka izinsongo ezinkulu ezintanjeni ze-fiber optic. Futhi, kwandisa amathuba okungena komswakama ezintanjeni, okuholela emazingeni angamukeleki okunciphisa isignali noma ngisho nokwehluleka ngokuphelele kwesignali.

Izimbobo ezingamelani nomswakama kanye nezinto ezivimba amanzi zibalulekile ekuvimbeleni lezi zinkinga. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni zezulu ezishisayo noma ezisogwini.

Ngokusebenzisa imikhuba efanele yokufaka, njengokuvala izindawo zokungena nokusebenzisa ama-desiccant, osonkontileka bangavimbela izinkinga eziningi ezihlobene nomswakama. Lawa maqhinga aqinisekisa ukuthi izintambo zisebenza kahle kakhulu, ngisho nasezindaweni ezinomswakama omningi.

Ziphinde zivumele ukudluliswa kwedatha okusebenzisa amandla amaningi, okudinga amandla angaphansi ngo-70% nge-gigabit ngayinye kunamanethiwekhi ethusi.

Isiphetho

Izintambo ze-fibre optic zincike ekuthembekeni kwezinto ezingaphakathi kwazo ukuze zinikeze izinga eliphezulu lokusebenza nokuthembeka. Imicu yengilazi inembe kakhulu futhi ihlala isikhathi eside, kanti imicu yepulasitiki inikeza izinzuzo zokuguquguquka kanye nezindleko. Izinto ngazinye zinikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile ezihlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukahlukene kusukela kumanethiwekhi amakhulu esivinini esikhulu kuya ekuxhumaneni okufushane kwendawo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile. Intuthuko entsha kubuchwepheshe bezinto ayiphelanga, iqhubekisela phambili intuthuko ekusebenzeni nasekuzinzeni.

Ukuba nolwazi ngalezi zinto kukuvumela ukuthi uqonde ngokugcwele izinzuzo kanye nokushiyeka kwezinto ngayinye ngaphakathi kwephrojekthi yakho. Kungaba ukuqina, ukuguquguquka, noma izidingo ezinobungani nemvelo, ukukhetha ikhebula le-fiber optic elifanele kuholela emkhiqizweni wokugcina ophumelelayo. Thola imikhiqizo eklanyelwe izidingo zakho ezihlukile bese uzibophezela kusengaphambili ezixazululweni eziqinile, ezilungele ikusasa ezivumelana nezidingo njengoba izidingo zikhula futhi zishintsha. Xhumana ne-broadband eningi. Hlala unolwazi futhi wenze ukukhetha okufanele kokushintsha okubushelelezi.

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Yiziphi izinto ezisetshenziswa ezintanjeni ze-fiber optic?

Izintambo ze-fibre optic zivame ukwenziwa ngengilazi noma ipulasitiki yezinga eliphezulu. Izintambo zengilazi zenziwe nge-silica emsulwa, kodwa izintambo zepulasitiki zisebenzisa ama-polymer. Zombili izinto zilungele kahle ukudlulisa izimpawu zokukhanya kanye nokuxhumana.

Yikuphi okungcono: ingilazi noma ipulasitiki?

I-Glass inikeza i-bandwidth enkulu nakakhulu kanye nokudluliselwa kwebanga elide kakhulu, okwenza kube lula kumanethiwekhi ezokuxhumana. Njengoba ishibhile, igobeka futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa, ipulasitiki ivame ukusetshenziswa kumamayela okugcina nakwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zebanga elifushane.

Kungani ingilazi ivame ukusetshenziswa ezintanjeni ze-fiber optic?

Ingilazi ikhethwa ngenxa yokudlulisa kwayo ukukhanya okungcono, ukulahleka kwesignali kanye nokuqina kwayo. Inikeza amandla kudatha yesivinini esiphezulu emabangeni amade, ivula indlela yamanethiwekhi ahlakaniphile esikhathi esizayo.

Ingabe ama-fiber optic epulasitiki ahlala isikhathi eside?

Ngempela, ama-fiber optic epulasitiki aqinile kakhulu futhi aguquguquka kakhulu. Awathambekele kakhulu ekugobeni nasekucindezelekeni ngokomzimba, okuvumela ukuthi asetshenziswe ezinhlelweni ezimfushane nezingenazihibe kangako njengamanethiwekhi asekhaya nezinhlelo zezimoto.

Izici zemvelo zithinta kanjani izinto ze-fiber optic?

Ukukhanya kwe-UV, umswakama, kanye nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa konke kuthinta kabi izinto ze-fiber optic. Izinto ezifanele zokufaka amapayipi kanye ne-sheathing zivikela izintambo ze-fiber optic ekuchayekeni ezintweni ezibhubhisayo ezizungezile.

Yiziphi izinto ezintsha zakamuva ezitholakala ezintweni ze-fiber optic?

Intuthuko igxile ekuxubeni kwengilazi okubanzi, izinto ezihlala isikhathi eside zejazi langaphakathi nelangaphandle, kanye nezixazululo zokumboza ezithuthukisiwe. Lokhu kuthuthuka kuthuthukisa ukuqina, ukusebenza kanye nokusimama kwemvelo ngokufanayo.

Ingabe ukukhetha izinto ezibonakalayo kuthinta ukusebenza kwekhebula le-fiber optic?

Uqinisekile ukuthi ukukhetha izinto ezibonakalayo kuthinta ikhwalithi yokudlulisela, ibanga kanye nezindleko. Ingilazi isebenza kahle kakhulu kumanethiwekhi akude nasheshayo, kanti ipulasitiki isebenza kahle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okungabizi kakhulu, okufushane.