Insinga za fibre optique ni utwo dutsi duto twohereza amakuru hakoreshejwe urumuri, dukoreshwa kuri interineti, nibindi. Ariko se uburebure bwazo bungana iki? Hmm, ndatekereza ko biratandukanye, Wenda ahantu hatandukanye hari amategeko atandukanye.

Ubwa mbere, ndibuka ko mu mijyi, hashobora kuba hari ibikorwa remezo byinshi, bityo wenda babishyingura cyane kugira ngo birinde ibindi bikoresho. Mu gihe mu cyaro, wenda ntabwo ari ndende cyane. Ariko tegereza, kuki babishyingura cyane ahantu hamwe na hamwe? Birashoboka ko ari ukugira ngo birinde kwangirika. Nk'aho, niba biri munsi y'umuhanda, ntushaka akazi ko kubaka ngo ubicukure. Rero wenda ubujyakuzimu buterwa n'aho biherereye n'ubushobozi bwo kubangamira.

Ndatekereza ko hari amahame cyangwa amabwiriza kuri ibi. Wenda muri Amerika, Komisiyo Ishinzwe Itumanaho (FCC) ifite amategeko amwe? Cyangwa se wenda bigenwa n'amategeko y'inyubako yo mu gace. Reka ntekereze. Nanone, ibihugu bitandukanye bishobora kugira amahame atandukanye. Urugero, muri Amerika ugereranyije n'i Burayi, ubujyakuzimu bushobora gutandukana. Ariko umukoresha ntabwo yavuze igihugu, bityo wenda navuga amahame rusange kandi nkavuga ko ashobora gutandukana.

Ndibuka ko ubujyakuzimu busanzwe bwo gushyingura ku bikoresho bishobora kuba hagati ya santimetero 18 na 24. Ariko fibre optique ishobora kuba ifite ibisabwa bitandukanye. Tegereza, ndatekereza ko mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, nko munsi y'umuhanda, bijya mu burebure, wenda santimetero 36 cyangwa zirenga. Ni metero 3. Ariko mu bice byoroshye, nko munsi y'umurima, wenda ni santimetero 24. Hariho kandi gushyingura mu buryo butaziguye ugereranyije n'umuyoboro. Niba insinga iri mu muyoboro, wenda iba ishyinguye ku burebure runaka, ariko niba ishyinguye mu buryo butaziguye, wenda ubujyakuzimu butandukanye.

Nanone, mu turere dukonje cyane, umurongo w'ubukonje ushobora kuba impamvu. Ugomba gutwikira munsi y'umurongo w'ubukonje kugira ngo wirinde ko insinga zigwa, ibyo bikaba byakwangiza insinga. Ubujyakuzimu bw'umurongo w'ubukonje buratandukanye; mu majyaruguru ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, bushobora kuba metero nyinshi, mu gihe mu turere dushyuha, ni buke. Rero wenda muri Minnesota, butwikira cyane kurusha muri Florida. Ariko insinga za fiber optique ubusanzwe ntizigira ingaruka ku bushyuhe nk'uko bimeze ku miyoboro y'amazi, ariko ibikoresho byo gushyiraho n'ingendo zo hasi bishobora kuba ikibazo.

Ikindi kintu cyo gusuzuma ni Itegeko ry'Igihugu ry'Amashanyarazi (NEC) muri Amerika. Ese ibyo bigaragaza ubujyakuzimu bw'insinga z'itumanaho? Ndatekereza ko ingingo ya 800 ya NEC ivuga ku miyoboro y'itumanaho. Reka ngerageze kwibuka. Ku bijyanye n'ibikoresho byo mu ngo, wenda santimetero 24 zo gushyingura mu buryo butaziguye, santimetero 18 niba mu muyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Ariko sinzi neza. Tegereza, NEC ishobora gukenera santimetero 24 zo gushyingura mu buryo butaziguye insinga z'amashanyarazi, ariko wenda fibre optique, kubera ko ari voltage nke, ifite amategeko atandukanye. Wenda zishobora kuba ndende cyane? Ariko ngomba kugenzura.

Tegereza, ariko hari amakuru avuga ko insinga za fibre optique zikunze gutwikirwa mu bujyakuzimu nk'uko bimeze ku zindi serivisi. Urugero, muri Amerika, ubujyakuzimu busanzwe ni santimetero 24 kugeza 36. Ariko rimwe na rimwe, nko munsi y'imihanda cyangwa ahantu hafite imashini ziremereye, bushobora kuba burebure, kugeza kuri santimetero 48. Nanone, iyo unyuze mu butaka bw'ubuhinzi, ubujyakuzimu bushobora kwiyongera kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika kw'ihinga. Rero wenda santimetero 36 aho.

Mu Burayi, ndatekereza ko ibipimo ngenderwaho bishobora kuba bisa. Urugero, mu Bwongereza, ubujyakuzimu bushobora kuba hagati ya mm 450-600 (santimetero 18-24) mu bihe bisanzwe, no mu bujyakuzimu munsi y'imihanda. Ariko ndakwiye kwemeza. Nanone, ibihugu bitandukanye bifite amategeko atandukanye. Ositaraliya ishobora kuba ifite amahame atandukanye bitewe n'ibidukikije bitandukanye.

Indi nguni: insinga za fibre optique zishobora gutwikirwa hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye. Gucukura imiyoboro ni ibisanzwe, aho bacukura umuyoboro bagashyiramo insinga. Gucukura mu cyerekezo kitambitse bikoreshwa iyo badashobora gucukura umuyoboro, nko munsi y'umugezi cyangwa umuhanda. Ubujyakuzimu hano bwagenzurwa n'ibikoresho byo gucukura. Gucukura imiyoboro mito ni uburyo bushya aho baca umuyoboro muto, wenda uburebure bwa metero imwe gusa, hanyuma bakawupfundikira. Ariko ibi bishobora gukoreshwa mu mijyi ifite inzira, aho bashobora gukata no gupfundikira vuba. Ariko, ibi ni bigufi cyane, bityo birashoboka ko bitakunze kugaragara ku nsinga ndende.

Bityo rero, tubishyize hamwe: ubujyakuzimu busanzwe buratandukanye bitewe n'aho buherereye, imikoreshereze y'ubutaka, amategeko y'ibanze, n'ibidukikije. Amategeko agenga umujyi ugereranije n'icyaro, umuhanda ugereranije n'imiturire, imiterere y'igihugu. Igisubizo gishobora kuvuga ko ubujyakuzimu buri hagati ya santimetero 12 (ku bijyanye no gukata imiyoboro mito) kugeza kuri santimetero 48 (munsi y'imihanda cyangwa mu duce dufite imashini ziremereye), aho ubusanzwe ari santimetero 24-36. Nanone, vuga ibintu nk'umurongo w'ubukonje, kuba hari izindi serivisi, n'imiyoboro y'amazi ugereranije n'aho ishyingurwa.

Tegereza, ariko ngomba kwemeza imibare imwe. Reka ntekereze. Niba hari umuntu urimo gutwikira insinga mu gace k'abaturage, wenda santimetero 18-24. Munsi y'umuhanda, santimetero 36. Mu butaka bw'ubuhinzi, santimetero 36-48. Ariko hari amasoko ashobora kuvuga ibitandukanye. Urugero, Ikigo cy'Igihugu Gishinzwe Ubuziranenge cya Amerika (ANSI) gifite amabwiriza. Wenda ANSI/TIA-758-B ku bikorwa remezo by'itumanaho byo hanze y'inganda. Ese ibyo bigaragaza ubujyakuzimu? Simbizi neza, ariko wenda santimetero 36 munsi y'imihanda. Ubundi buryo, Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu bifite amabwiriza yo gukumira kwangirika mu gihe cyo gucukura, bityo wenda basaba ubujyakuzimu bumwe na bumwe.

Indi ngingo: mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, cyane cyane mu butaka bw'amabuye, ubujyakuzimu bushobora kuba buke kuko bigoye gucukura cyane, bityo bashobora gukoresha ingamba zo kwirinda nko gucukura imiyoboro cyangwa insinga z'amabuye. Rero ubujyakuzimu si bwo bwonyine bukenewe; uburyo bwo kurinda nabwo ni ingenzi.

Nanone, mu turere tumwe na tumwe, nk'uturere dushobora kwibasirwa n'imyuzure cyangwa isuri, insinga zishobora kuba zitwikiriwe cyane cyangwa zigashyirwamo intwaro. Insinga zo mu mazi zo mu mazi ni ikintu gitandukanye, ariko ikibazo ni ikijyanye n'insinga zo mu butaka zitwikiriwe.

Muri make rero, ubujyakuzimu bw'insinga za fiber optique busanzwe buri hagati ya santimetero 0.45 na 1.2, bitewe n'ibidukikije n'amategeko agenga aho hantu. Ibintu by'ingenzi birimo imijyi n'ibyaro, kuba hari izindi serivisi, umuyoboro w'ubukonje, n'umutwaro witezwe (nk'imihanda). Gukoresha imiyoboro y'amazi bishobora gutuma habaho gushyingura mu buryo buciriritse ugereranije no gushyingura mu buryo butaziguye. Buri gihe reba kode z'aho hantu kugira ngo umenye ibisabwa neza.

Ubujyakuzimu bw'insinga za fiber optique buratandukana bitewe n'aho ziherereye, ibintu bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije, n'amahame agenga imikorere. Dore incamake y'imiterere:

Ubujyakuzimu busanzwe

• Imiturire/Imidugudu:

  • Santimetero 0.45–0.6 (18–24 santimetero): Bikunze gukoreshwa ku nsinga zipfundikiye cyangwa zikingiwe n'imiyoboro y'amazi.

  • Gutunganya imiyoboro mito: Nta bujyakuzimu bukabije nk'ukoSantimetero 0.3 (santimetero 12)mu mijyi irimo amabuye, atwikiriwe na kaburimbo cyangwa sima.

• Uturere tw'icyaro/ubuhinzi:

  • Santimetero 0.6–0.9 (24–36 santimetero): Kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika kw'ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi. Gushyiramo ibikoresho byimbitse (kugeza kurisantimetero 1.2/santimetero 48) bishobora kubaho mu duce tw'uburimiro.

• Imihanda/Imihanda minini:

  • Santimetero 0.9–1.2 (36–48 santimetero): Gushyingura cyane kugira ngo bihangane n'urujya n'uruza rw'abantu benshi n'ubwubatsi.

• Ibihe by'ubukonje:

  • Munsi y'umurongo w'ubukonje(bihinduka bitewe n'uturere): Birinda ko ubutaka buzamuka cyane; bishobora kurenza santimetero 18 mu turere two mu majyaruguru.

Ibintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku bwiyongere

1. Amabwiriza: Amategeko agenga inyubako zo mu gace runaka (urugero, Ingingo ya 800 ya NEC muri Amerika) n'amahame ngenderwaho (urugero, ANSI/TIA-758-B ku itumanaho) bigena ubujyakuzimu buke.

2. Ubutaka: Ubutaka bw'amabuye cyangwa ubw'ubutaka bugoye bushobora kugabanya ubujyakuzimu ariko hagakoreshwa imiyoboro y'uburinzi cyangwa insinga z'uburinzi.

3. Gushyingura mu buryo butaziguye ugereranije n'imiyoboro y'amazi: Imiyoboro yemerera gushyira ahantu hato cyane ariko yongeraho uburinzi.

4. Ingaruka ku bidukikije: Ahantu hashobora guterwa n'imyuzure cyangwa isuri hashobora gukenera gupfukamo insinga zirebire cyangwa zifashishijwe intwaro.

Impinduka ku Isi

• Uburayi/Ubwongereza: AkenshiSantimetero 0.45–0.6 (18–24 santimetero)mu miterere isanzwe, munsi y'imihanda miremire.

• Ositaraliya: Bisa n'ibipimo ngenderwaho bya Amerika ariko byahinduwe bitewe n'imiterere y'ibidukikije byo mu gace utuyemo.

Uburyo bwo gushyiraho

• Guca imiyoboro y'amazi: Gucukura gakondo kugira ngo hashyingurwe mu buryo butaziguye.

• Gucukura mu buryo butambitse (HDD): Ikoreshwa munsi y'imbogamizi (imigezi, imihanda) hamwe n'uburyo bwo kugenzura uburebure bw'amazi neza.

• Guhinga: Yihuta cyane mu cyaro, ubusanzwe kuri santimetero 24–36.

Incamake

Insinga za fibre optique muri rusange ziba zihisheSantimetero 0.45–1.2 (18–48 santimetero)bigira ingaruka zikomeye, hamwe n'impinduka zishingiye ku gace, ibikorwa remezo, n'ibikenewe mu kurinda. Buri gihe reba amabwiriza y'ibanze n'isuzuma ry'ibidukikije kugira ngo umenye ibisabwa neza.