Ko ngā taura muka whatu he aho angiangi e tuku raraunga ana mā te mārama. Ka whakamahia mō te ipurangi, me ērā atu. Engari he pēhea te hohonu o te tanumanga? Āe, ki taku whakaaro he rerekē. Tērā pea he rerekē ngā ture o ia wāhi.

Tuatahi, e maumahara ana ahau i ngā tāone nui, tera pea he nui ake ngā hanganga, nō reira, tera pea ka tanumia kia hohonu ake kia kore ai e hiahiatia ētahi atu ratonga. Engari i ngā tāone tuawhenua, tera pea kāore i te tino hohonu. Engari, taihoa, he aha i tanumia ai kia hohonu ake i ētahi wāhi? Hei tiaki pea i a rātou mai i te kino. Pēnei i te mea kei raro i te rori, kāore koe e hiahia kia keria e ngā mahi hanga. Nō reira, tera pea ka whakawhirinaki te hohonu ki te wāhi me te kaha o te raruraru.

Ki taku whakaaro he paerewa, he aratohu rānei mō tēnei. Tērā pea i te US, kei te Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ētahi ture? Tērā pea nā ngā ture hanga whare ā-rohe i whakatau. Me whakaaro ahau. Waihoki, he rerekē pea ngā paerewa o ia whenua. Hei tauira, i te US me te Ūropi, ka rerekē pea te hohonu. Engari kāore te kaiwhakamahi i tohu i tētahi whenua, nō reira me whakahua pea e au ngā paerewa whānui, me te mōhio ka rerekē pea.

Kei te maumahara ahau ko te hohonutanga o te tanumanga mō ngā ratonga hiko he tata ki te 18 ki te 24 inihi. Engari he rerekē pea ngā whakaritenga o te muka whatu. Taria, ki taku whakaaro i ētahi wā, pērā i raro i ngā rori, ka hohonu ake, 36 inihi pea, neke atu rānei. E 3 putu tēnā. Engari i ngā wāhi ngohengohe, pērā i raro i te mara, he 24 inihi pea. He tanumanga tika anō hoki, he paipa wai rānei. Mena kei roto te taura i te paipa wai, tera pea kua tanumia ki tētahi hohonutanga, engari ki te tanumia tika, tera pea he hohonutanga rerekē.

Waihoki, i ngā āhuarangi makariri, tera pea he take te hukapapa. Me tanu koe ki raro i te hukapapa kia kore ai e piki ake, ka kino pea te taura. He rerekē te hohonu o te hukapapa; i ngā whenua o te raki o Amerika, ka taea te maha putu, engari i ngā wāhi mahana ake, he iti iho. Nō reira, i Minnesota pea, ka hohonu ake te tanu i tērā i Florida. Engari ko ngā taura muka whatu te tikanga kāore e pāngia e te pāmahana pērā i ngā paipa wai, engari ko ngā taputapu tāutanga me te nekehanga o te whenua he āwangawanga tonu pea.

Ko tētahi atu mea hei whakaaroaro ko te National Electrical Code (NEC) i te US. Kei te tohua e tēnā te hohonutanga o te tanumanga mō ngā taura whakawhitiwhiti kōrero? Ki taku whakaaro kei roto i te NEC Article 800 ngā ara iahiko whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Kia ngana ahau ki te maumahara. Mō ngā whakaurunga whare noho, 24 inihi pea mō te tanumanga tika, 18 inihi mena kei roto i te paipa hiko. Engari kāore au i te tino mōhio. Taria, me 24 inihi pea e NEC mō te tanumanga tika o ngā raina hiko, engari he rerekē pea ngā ture o ngā muka whatu, he iti te ngaohiko. Tērā pea he pāpaku ake? Engari me tirotiro e au.

Taria, engari e kī ana ētahi puna he maha ngā wā ka tanumia ngā taura muka whatu ki ngā hohonutanga rite tonu ki ētahi atu ratonga. Hei tauira, i te US, ko te hohonutanga noa he 24 ki te 36 inihi. Engari i ētahi wā, pērā i raro i ngā rori, i ngā wāhi rānei he mīhini taumaha, ka hohonu ake pea, tae atu ki te 48 inihi. Waihoki, ina whiti i te whenua ahuwhenua, ka whakanuia pea te hohonutanga hei ārai i te kino o te parau. Nō reira, 36 inihi pea i reira.

Ki taku whakaaro, he rite tonu ngā paerewa i Ūropi. Hei tauira, i te UK, ko te hohonutanga pea kei te 450-600mm (18-24 inihi) i ngā āhuatanga noa, ā, he hohonu ake i raro i ngā rori. Engari me whakaū e au. Waihoki, he rerekē ngā ture a ia whenua, ia whenua. He rerekē pea ngā paerewa a Ahitereiria nā runga i ngā āhuatanga taiao rerekē.

Tētahi atu koki: ka taea te tanu i ngā taura muka whatu mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga rerekē. He mea noa te keri i te awaawa, ka keria he awaawa ka whakatakotoria te taura. Ka whakamahia te keri whakapae ina kore e taea te keri i te awaawa, pērā i raro i te awa, i te rori rānei. Ka whakahaerehia te hohonu i konei e ngā taputapu keri. He tikanga hou te keri iti, ka tapahia he awaawa whaiti, kotahi putu pea te hohonu, kātahi ka hipokina. Engari ka whakamahia pea tēnei i ngā tāone nui he papa whāriki, ka taea e rātou te tapahi me te hipoki tere. Heoi, he papaku ake tēnei, nō reira kāore pea i te tino noa mō ngā taura tawhiti.

Nā, ko te whakakotahitanga o ngā mea katoa: he rerekē ngā hōhonutanga noa i runga i te wāhi, te whakamahinga whenua, ngā ture ā-rohe, me ngā āhuatanga taiao. Tāone me tuawhenua, rori me noho, ture ā-whenua. Me kī pea te whakautu ko ngā hōhonutanga mai i te 12 inihi (mō te keri iti) ki te 48 inihi (i raro i ngā rori, i ngā wāhi rānei he mīhini taumaha), ko te tikanga he 24-36 inihi. Me whakahua hoki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te raina hukapapa, te noho mai o ētahi atu ratonga, me te paipa me te tanu tika.

Taria, engari me manatoko e au ētahi tau. Kia whakaaro ahau. Mena kei te tanu tetahi i tētahi taura ki tētahi wāhi noho, tera pea 18-24 inihi. I raro i tētahi tiriti, 36 inihi. I roto i te whenua ahuwhenua, 36-48 inihi. Engari tera pea ētahi puna e kī ana he rerekē. Hei tauira, he aratohu tā te American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Tērā pea ko ANSI/TIA-758-B mō ngā hanganga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o waho o ngā tipu. Kei te tohua e tēnā ngā hohonutanga? Kāore au i te tino mōhio, engari tera pea 36 inihi i raro i ngā rori. Heoi anō, he aratohu tā te Common Ground Alliance hei ārai i ngā kino i te wā keri, nō reira tera pea e taunaki ana rātou i ētahi hohonutanga.

Tētahi atu kōrero: i ētahi wā, inā koa i ngā whenua toka, ka iti ake pea te hohonu nā te mea he uaua ki te keri hōhonu, nō reira ka whakamahia pea e rātou ngā tikanga tiaki pēnei i te paipa wai, i ngā taura ārai toka rānei. Nō reira, ehara i te mea ko te hohonu anake te mea nui; he mea nui anō hoki ngā tikanga tiaki.

Waihoki, i ētahi rohe, pērā i ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te waipuke, e te horo rānei, ka tanumia pea ngā taura ki roto i te hohonu, ki roto rānei i te ārai. He rerekē te āhua o ngā taura o raro moana, engari ko te pātai mō ngā taura whenua e tanumia ana.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te hohonutanga o te tanumanga o ngā taura muka whatu kei waenganui i te 18 ki te 48 inihi (0.45 ki te 1.2 mita), i runga i te taiao me ngā ture ā-rohe. Ko ngā mea matua ko te taone me te tuawhenua, te noho mai o ētahi atu ratonga, te raina huka, me te kawenga e tumanakohia ana (pērā i ngā rori). Tērā pea ka taea te tanumanga pāpaku ake i te tanumanga tika mā te whakamahi i ngā awaawa. Tirohia tonu ngā ture ā-rohe mō ngā whakaritenga tika.

Ka rerekē te hohonutanga o te tanu o ngā taura muka whatu i runga i te wāhi, ngā āhuatanga taiao, me ngā paerewa ture. Anei tētahi tirohanga whānui kua whakaritea:

Ngā Hōhonutanga Noa

• Ngā Wāhi Noho/Ngā Wāhi Tāone:

  • 18–24 inihi (0.45–0.6 mita)He mea noa mō ngā taura tanu tika, ngā taura tiaki-paipa rānei.

  • Te keri iti: He pāpaku noa iho12 inihi (0.3 mita)i ngā tāone kua wharikitia, kua hipokina ki te uku, ki te raima rānei.

• Ngā Rohe Taiwhenua/Ahuwhenua:

  • 24–36 inihi (0.6–0.9 mita)Hei karo i ngā kino mai i ngā taputapu ahuwhenua. Ngā whakatakotoranga hōhonu (tae atu ki te48 inihi/1.2 mita) tērā pea ka puta i ngā rohe parau.

• Ngā Rori/Ngā Huarahi Matua:

  • 36–48 inihi (0.9–1.2 mita)He tanumanga hōhonu ake hei tu atu i ngā waka taumaha me ngā mahi hanga.

• Ngā Āhuarangi Mātao:

  • I raro i te rārangi huka(ka rerekē i runga i te rohe): Ārai i te nekenekehanga o te whenua; tērā pea ka neke atu i te 48 inihi i ngā rohe raki.

Ngā Take Matua e Pā Ana ki te Hōhonutanga

1. Ngā TureKo ngā ture hanga whare ā-rohe (hei tauira, NEC Article 800 i te US) me ngā paerewa (hei tauira, ANSI/TIA-758-B mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero) e whakatau ana i te hohonutanga iti rawa.

2. Whenua: Tērā pea ka whakaitihia te hohonutanga e ngā whenua toka, uaua rānei, engari me whakamahi ngā paipa tiaki, ngā taura ārai rānei.

3. He awaawa, he tānetanga tika rānei: Ka taea e ngā paipa te whakatakoto pāpaku ake engari ka tāpirihia he tiaki.

4. Ngā Mōrearea TaiaoKo ngā wāhi waipuke, horo rānei, me tanumia kia hohonu ake, me whakamahi rānei i ngā taura ārai.

Ngā Rerekētanga Ao

• Ūropi/UK: He maha ngā wā18–24 inihi (0.45–0.6 mita)i ngā āhuatanga paerewa, hohonu ake i raro i ngā rori.

• AhitereiriaHe rite ki ngā paerewa o te US engari kua whakarerekētia mō ngā āhuatanga taiao o te rohe.

Ngā Tikanga Tāutanga

• Te keri i te awaawaTe keri tuku iho mō te tanumanga tika.

• Te Keri Aronga Whakapae (HDD)Whakamahia i raro i ngā arai (awa, rori) me te whakahaere tika i te hohonu.

• Te parauTere ake i ngā wāhi taiwhenua, i te nuinga o te wā i te 24–36 inihi.

Whakarāpopototanga

Ko ngā taura muka whatu ka tanumia i te nuinga o te wā18–48 inihi (0.45–1.2 mita)hōhonu, me ngā rerekētanga i runga i te tauwāhi, ngā hanganga, me ngā hiahia tiaki. Me tirotiro tonu i ngā ture ā-rohe me ngā aromatawai taiao mō ngā whakaritenga tika.