Ugomba gusobanukirwa itandukaniro riri hagati ya fibre imwe na fibre ya multimode. Uyu munsi, reka tuvuge kuri fibre optique ikoreshwa mu kohereza amakuru nk'ibimenyetso by'urumuri. Hari ubwoko bubiri: single mode na multimode. Iyi nkuru izavuga ku byiciro bya single-mode na multimode hamwe n'imikorere birambuye, bityo komeza wige itandukaniro riri hagati ya single-mode na multimode.

Ubwa mbere, wenda nkwiye gutekereza ku bunini bw'ishingiro. Ndatekereza ko ishingiro rimwe rifite ishingiro rito, nka mikoroni 9, mu gihe ishingiro rinini, wenda mikoroni 50 cyangwa 62.5. Ingano y'ishingiro ishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo urumuri rugenda. Muri ishingiro rimwe, kubera ko ishingiro ari rito, wenda uburyo bumwe gusa bw'urumuri bushobora gukwirakwira, bityo izina rikaba ari ryo zina. Ishingiro ry'ishingiro ryatuma habaho uburyo bwinshi. Ariko "ishingiro" bivuze iki hano? Ndatekereza ko ishingiro ari inzira urumuri rushobora kunyuramo muri fibre. Rero muri ishingiro rinini, urumuri rushobora gufata inzira nyinshi, bishobora gutera gukwirakwira kwa modal. Ni bwo uburyo butandukanye bugera mu bihe bitandukanye, bigatera guhindagurika kw'ibimenyetso. Rero ishingiro rimwe, rifite inzira imwe gusa, birinda ibi. Ibyo bigomba kuba bivuze ko ishingiro rimwe rishobora guhangana n'umurongo munini w'itumanaho mu ntera ndende.

Ariko se, bite ku isoko ry'urumuri? Ndatekereza ko uburyo bumwe bukoresha imirasire ya laser, ifite ubuhanga kandi ishobora gushyira urumuri mu gice gito cy'umutima. Multimode ishobora gukoresha imirasire ya LED cyangwa imirasire ihendutse kuko igice cy'umutima ari kinini kandi byoroshye guhuza urumuri. Imirasire ya laser irahenze cyane, bityo transceivers za mode imwe zishobora kuba zihenze kurusha izikoresha imirasire ya multimode.

Intera ni ikindi kintu. Niba uburyo bumwe bufite intera nke, bushobora gukora intera ndende nta kwangirika kw'ikimenyetso. Uburyo bwinshi, hamwe n'intera ya modal, bwaba bufite intera ngufi ntarengwa. Wenda nka kilometero kuri bumwe na metero amagana kuri multimode? Ariko ngomba kugenzura imibare nyayo. Numvise amagambo nka OM3 na OM4 kuri fibre za multimode, ajyanye n'imikorere yazo. Ayo ashobora kuba ari amahame agenga urwego rutandukanye rwa multimode, yakozwe neza kugira ngo habeho umuvuduko mwinshi mu ntera zimwe na zimwe.

Bandwidth—uburyo bumwe bugomba kugira bandwidth iri hejuru kuko nta gutatana kwa modal. Rero ku itumanaho ryihuse kandi rigenda igihe kirekire nko hagati y'imijyi cyangwa mu buryo bw'itumanaho, uburyo bumwe ni bwo bwiza kurushaho. Multimode ikoreshwa mu bigo by'amakuru cyangwa imiyoboro yo mu gace aho intera ari ngufi, kandi ikiguzi kikaba ari ikibazo gikomeye.

Ukurikije ikiguzi, fibre ubwayo: uburyo bumwe bushobora kuba bufite igiciro gisa, ariko transceivers (nk'amamode ya SFP) zirahenze cyane kubera laser. Transceivers za multimode zirahendutse, ariko fibre ishobora kuba ihenze gato? Tegereza, oya, ndatekereza ko fibre imwe mu by'ukuri ihendutse mu bihe bimwe na bimwe kuko byoroshye? Cyangwa wenda ikiguzi cyo kuyishyiraho kiratandukanye. Tegereza, kuyishyiraho bishobora kugorana kuri single-mode kuko igice cy'imbere ari gito, gisaba guhuza neza no guhuza neza. Ibyo bishobora gutuma kuyishyiraho bihenda cyane, nubwo fibre ubwayo idahenze.

Porogaramu: uburyo bumwe bwo gukoresha intera ndende, itumanaho, abatanga serivisi. Uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha LAN, ikigo cy'amakuru, imiyoboro ya kaminuza. Nanone, wenda mu bihe aho umuyoboro munini w'amakuru ukenewe ariko ukagenda mu gihe gito. Nk'aho seriveri zihuza mu kigo cy'amakuru.

Uburebure bw'imiraba bukoreshwa: Uburyo bumwe bukoresha 1310 nm na 1550 nm, mu gihe uburyo bwinshi bukoresha 850 nm na 1300 nm. Uburebure bw'imiraba mu buryo bumwe bushobora kugira uburibwe buke, bigatuma umuntu agera kure.

Hari kandi ikintu kijyanye no gukwirakwiza chromatic, bigira ingaruka ku buryo bumwe mu ntera ndende cyane, ariko bakoresha imigozi cyangwa ibikoresho bigabanya ubukana. Ikibazo nyamukuru cya Multimode ni ugukwirakwiza mu buryo bwa modal, bigabanya ubukana hakoreshejwe imigozi ifite igipimo cya graded aho igipimo cya refractive gihinduka buhoro buhoro, bikagabanya ubukana bwa modal ugereranije na step-index.

Kandi hariho ubwoko butandukanye bwa fibre za multimode, nka OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4, OM5. Buri imwe ifite ubushobozi butandukanye bwo gukoresha umurambararo n'intera. OM3 na OM4 byakozwe neza kugira ngo bikoreshwe hamwe na 850 nm VCSEL (laser za vertical-cavity surface-emitting) kugira ngo birusheho kwihuta nka 10G, 40G, 100G Ethernet. OM5 ni iyo gukoresha wavelength division multiplexing muri multimode.

Bityo rero, ibi byose hamwe: ingano y'ibanze, isoko y'urumuri, intera, umuvuduko w'amajwi, ikiguzi, porogaramu, n'amahame ngenderwaho. Uburyo bumwe bwo gukora urugendo rurerure, buhendutse, kandi bufite imikorere myiza. Uburyo bwinshi bwo gukora intera ngufi, igiciro gito, byoroshye gushyiramo ariko bigabanywa no gukwirakwiza ibintu mu buryo bwa modal.

Nagakwiye kandi kugenzura niba hari irindi tandukaniro, nko kuringaniza umurambararo cyangwa kuramba. Birashoboka ko uburyo bumwe bworoshye bworoshye kuringaniza umurambararo bitewe n'uko igice cyayo ari gito, ariko sinzi neza. Uburyo bwinshi bworoshye bworoshye muri urwo rwego. Nanone, guhuza ibikoresho bihari. Niba umuyoboro usanzwe ukoresha uburyo bwinshi, kuvugurura bishobora gusaba guhindura fibre na transceivers.

Indi ngingo: gupima mu gihe kizaza. Uburyo bumwe bushobora kwaguka cyane mu kongera umuvuduko mu gihe kizaza hatabayeho gusimbuza fibre, mu gihe uburyo bwinshi bushobora kugira imbogamizi mu gihe ibikenewe mu itumanaho bikura bikarenga ibyo fibre ishobora gukora hamwe n’uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza fibre.

Tegereza, ariko hamwe n’iterambere rya multimode nka OM5, wenda zishobora kwihanganira umuvuduko mwinshi mu ntera ngufi. Bityo amahitamo aterwa n’uburyo bwihariye bwo gukoresha n’izamuka ryitezwe.

Ngomba gushyira ibi byose mu buryo buhuye. Wenda utangire n'itandukaniro ry'ibanze, hanyuma ujye mu bintu bya tekiniki nka bandwidth, intera, ikiguzi, porogaramu, nibindi. Nanone, shyiramo imbonerahamwe y'incamake kugira ngo urebe byihuse.

Reka nemeze imibare imwe. Inzira y'umuyoboro umwe ni mikoroni 8-10, multimode 50 cyangwa 62.5. Single-mode ikoresha amasoko ya laser (1310, 1550 nm), multimode ikoresha LED/VCSEL (850, 1300 nm). Intera ntarengwa: single-mode ishobora kugera kuri kilometero icumi, ndetse na kilometero 100 hamwe n'ibikoresho bikwiye. Multimode kuva kuri 100M kugeza kuri 550m bitewe n'ibisanzwe (OM3/OM4). Ikiguzi: transceivers za single-mode zirahenze cyane, ariko ikiguzi cya fibre kirangana cyangwa kiri hejuru gato? Cyangwa wenda fibre irahendutse, ariko ikiguzi rusange cya sisitemu kiri hejuru bitewe na transceivers.

Nanone, bandwidth: single-mode ifite bandwidth itagira umupaka mu bikorwa bifatika, mu gihe multimode igabanywa no gutatanya kwa modal. Rero kuri 10G, 40G, 100G, multimode irashobora kuyitwara ariko mu ntera ngufi. Single-mode ishobora guhangana n'iyo mivuduko mu ntera ndende cyane.

Ku bijyanye n'amahame ngenderwaho, uburyo bumwe bukoreshwa na ITU-T G.652, G.653, n'ibindi, mu gihe uburyo bwinshi ari TIA-492-AAAB (OM1), n'ibindi.

Gushyiraho no kubungabunga: uburyo bumwe busaba ubuhanga bwinshi, bityo wenda abakozi b'abahanga benshi, ikiguzi cyo gushyiraho igikoresho cya mbere kiri hejuru. Uburyo bwinshi bworoshye gukorana nabwo, ikiguzi cyo gushyiraho ni gito.

Rero igereranya ryuzuye ryaba rikubiyemo ibi bintu byose. Wenda nanone vuga ku iterambere, nk'uburyo uburyo bumwe burimo kugenda burushaho kugaragara ndetse no mu ntera ngufi bitewe n'igabanuka ry'ibiciro bya optique, ariko uburyo bwinshi buracyakora mu bihe by'ibiciro kandi bigenzurwa n'abantu batari benshi.