Optical fiber realizes signal transmission via total internal reflection of infrared light inside silica core. Restricted by intrinsic silica absorption loss, Rayleigh scattering, infrared absorption and hydroxyl water peak attenuation, six mainstream commercial wavebands are standardized in the global optical communication industry: 850 nm, 1310 nm, 1383 nm, 1490 nm, 1550 nm and 1625 nm. These wavelengths cover short-range LAN, metropolitan network, long-haul backbone, PON fiber access, optical amplification and optical fiber testing scenarios. Distinct differences exist in attenuation coefficient, chromatic dispersion, maximum transmission distance, matching optoelectronic components and fiber selection among different wavebands, which serve as fundamental criteria for fiber specification selection, engineering design and optical component R&D. This paper consists of three core sections: detailed optical characteristics of six wavebands, horizontal comparison of core fiber technical specifications, and matching fiber & practical application classification for each wavelength.